Journey into Philosophy An Introduction with Classic and Contemporary Readings

The overriding rationale behind this book is a desire to enrich the lives of college students by introducing them to the practice of philosophical thought in an accessible and engaging manner. The text has over one hundred classical and contemporary readings that facilitate studying each philosophical issue from a variety of perspectives, giving instructors the opportunity to choose a set of readings that matches the individual needs of each class. It includes many selections by philosophers whose works are often ignored or underrepresented in other introductory texts.

The initial reading, "The Role of Philosophy," is a relevant, clear, and absorbing introduction to the discipline of philosophy. It uses everyday life situations to give students a solid foothold before they journey into specific philosophical topics. In addition, every section of the book has its own special introduction that connects each topic to students? personal lives. The surrounding narrative is designed to be conversational and comprehensible. Special features include a section on the role of logic, and writing a philosophy paper, two useful tools for approaching and analyzing philosophical writing for students who are new to philosophy. The book is accompanied by a companion website (www.routledge.com/cw/Baronett), with many helpful features, including (for students) review questions for all readings in the book, videos, and 66 related entries taken from the student-friendly Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy and (for instructors) 2,500 questions and answers."

Preface

PART ONE Getting Started In Philosophy

The Role Of Philosophy

PART TWO What Do We Know, And How Do We Know It?

Introduction

Plato Knowledge is Recollection

Edited from Meno. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.

Aristotle A Writing Tablet

Edited from De Anima, Book III, Part 4. Translated by R. D. Hicks, 1907.

Augustine The Possibility of Deception

Edited from City of God, Book XI, Chapter 26. Translated by Rev. Marcus Dods,1866.

René Descartes Doubt and Certainty

Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditations I and II. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.

John Locke Knowledge Derives From Experience

Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Introduction, and Book I, Chapter I.

Gottfried Leibniz Deep Inside

Edited from New Essays on Human Understanding. Translated by Alfred Gideox Langley, 1896.

Mary Astell Degrees of Clearness

Edited from A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697, Chapter III.

David Hume Matters of Fact and Relations of Ideas

Edited from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748,Sections II, IV-V.

Immanuel Kant The Possibility of Experience

Edited from Critique of Pure Reason. Introduction. Translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, 1900.

Charles S. Peirce The Nature of Inquiry

Edited from Popular Science Monthly 12, November, 1877.

Helen E. Longino Can There Be A Feminist Science?

From Hypatia, vol. 2, no. 3, 1987. pp 51-64.

Noretta Koertge Wrestling with the Social Constructor

From Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 775, 1995, pp 266–273.

Edmund Gettier Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?

From Analysis 23, 1963, pp 121-123.

Raymond Smullyan An Epistemological Nightmare

Margaret MacDonald Sleeping and Waking

From Mind, Vol. 62, No. 246, 1953, pp 202-215.

John Pollock Just a Brain in a Vat

Edited from Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.

Linda Zagzebski Knowledge and the Motive for Truth

From "Knowledge and the Motive for Truth," reprinted with permission of the author.

PART THREE The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of

Introduction

Plato The Divided Line and the Cave

Edited from Republic, Books VI-VII. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.

Aristotle First Principles

Edited from Metaphysics, Books I- II, IV, VII, X, and XII. Translated by W. D. Ross, 1908.

Margaret Cavendish Observations

Edited from Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy, 1666, Sections 1-2, 16, and 20.

John Locke Primary and Secondary Qualities

Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690,Book II, Chapters VIII-IX.

Gottfried Leibniz The Building Blocks of Reality

Edited from The Monadology. Sections 1-20. Translated by Robert Latta, 1898.

George Berkeley To Be is to Be Perceived

Edited from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710,Sections 1-41.

David Hume Commit it to the Flames

Edited from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, Section XII, Parts 1 and III.

Mary Shepherd Ideas

Edited from Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, 1827,Preface and Chapter 1.

Immanuel Kant Regarding an External World

Edited from Critique of Pure Reason, Preface; Second Division, Book II, Chapter 1.Translated by J. M.

D. Meiklejohn, 1900.

Margaret MacDonald Things and Processes

From Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1938, pp 1-10.

Martin Heidegger Metaphysics

From Introduction to Metaphysics. Translated by Gregory Fried and Richard Polt, 2000, Chapter 1, pp

1-14.

Hannah Arendt Eternity Versus Immortality

From The Human Condition, 1958, pp 17-21.

Katherine Hawley Science as a Guide to Metaphysics?

From Synthese, 149, 2006, pp 451-470.

PART FOUR God, Or Where Did All This Stuff Come From?

Introduction

4A. Can God's Existence Be Proved Based On Experience?

Introduction

Plato The Beginning of Everything

Edited from Timaeus. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.

Thomas Aquinas The Five Ways

Edited from Summa Theologica: First Part, Question 2, Article 3. Translated by Fathers of the English

Dominican Province, 1911.

Gottfried Leibniz Sufficient Reason

Edited from The Monadology: Sections 29-36. Translated by Robert Latta, 1898.

George Berkeley The Author of Nature

Edited from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710.

William Paley The Watchmaker Argument

Edited from Natural Theology, 1802.

David Hume Against the Watchmaker Argument

Edited from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779,Parts 2 and 5.

4B. Can God's Existence Be Proved Independent Of Experience?

Introduction

Anselm of Canterbury The Existence of God

Edited from Proslogion, Preface, Chapter II-V. Translated by Sidney N. Deane, 1903.

René Descartes The Idea of God

Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation V. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.

Anne Conway On God

Edited from The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, 1692, Chapters I-III.

David Hume Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing?

Edited from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779, Part 9,

Sören Kierkegaard God Cannot Be Proven to Exist

Edited from Philosophical Fragments. Translated by David F. Swenson, 1936; translation revised by

Howard V. Hong, Princeton University Press, 1985.

Markus Lammenranta Is Descartes's Reasoning Viciously Circular?

From British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 14 (2) 2006: 323-330.

4C. Why Do Suffering And Evil Exist?

Introduction

George Hayward Joyce The Problem of Evil

Edited from Principles of Natural Theology, 1922: Chapter XVII.

J. L. Mackie Evil and Omnipotence

From Mind, New Series, Vol. 64, No. 254. Apr., 1955, pp 200-212.

Keith Parsons A Simple Statement of the Problem of Evil

Edited from The Secular Web, 2011.

4D. Belief

Introduction

Blaise Pascal The Wager

Edited from The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal,Translated by Charles Kegan Paul, 1901.

Damaris Cudworth Masham A Natural Inscription

Edited from Occasional Thoughts, 1705.

Friedrich Nietzsche God is Dead

Edited from The Gay Science. Translated by Thomas Common, 1910.

William. K. Clifford The Ethics of Belief

Edited from Contemporary Review, 1876.

William James The Will to Believe

Edited from New World, June, 1896.

PART FIVE Who, What, Where, And When Am I?

Introduction

5A. What Is Mind? No Matter. What Is Matter? Never Mind

Introduction

René Descartes Mind and Body

Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy: Meditation VI. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.

Margaret Cavendish A Double Perception

Edited from Philosophical Letters, 1664, Letters 35-37.

Anne Conway One and the Same Thing

Edited from The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, 1692, Chapters VI-VII and IX.

Lisa Shapiro The Correspondence

From "Princess Elizabeth and Descartes: The Union of Soul and Body and the Practice of Philosophy,"

British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 7:3, 1999, pp 503-520.

5B. Consciousness

Introduction

William James Does Consciousness Exist?

Edited from Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1904.

Thomas Nagel What is it Like to Be a Bat?

From The Philosophical Review, LXXXIII, 4, October 1974, pp 435-450.

Patricia Smith Churchland The Hornswoggle Problem

From the Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 1996, pp 402–8.

Max Velmans How to Define Consciousness—and How Not to Define Consciousness

From the Journal of Consciousness Studies, 16 (5), 2009, pp 139-156.

5C. Personal Identity

Introduction

John Locke Identity and Diversity

Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Book II, Chapter XXVII.

David Hume I Am a Bundle of Perceptions

Edited from A Treatise of Human Nature, 1777, Vol. I, Book I, Part IV, Section VI.

Bernard Williams The Self and the Future

From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 79, No. 2, 1970, pp 161-180.

J. David Velleman So It Goes

From The Amherst Lecture in Philosophy 1, 2006, pp 1–23.

PART SIX Free Will And Determinism

Introduction

John Locke Free Agents

Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Book II, Chapter XXI.

Baruch Spinoza Everything Happens Out of Necessity

Edited from Ethics, Part II, Proposition XLVIII.Translated by R.H.M. Elwes, 1883.

Paul-Henri d’Holbach A Series of Necessary Moments

Edited from The System of Nature, Chapter XI. Translated by H. D. Robinson, 1868.

Jean-Paul Sartre Condemned to Be Free

Edited from Existentialism is a Humanism. Lecture given in 1945, World Publishing Company, 1956.

Richard Taylor I Can

From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 69, No. 1, January, 1960, pp 78-89.

Raymond Smullyan Take My Free Will, Please!

From "Is God a Taoist?"

Philippa Foot Free Will as Involving Determinism

From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 66, No. 4, October, 1957, pp 439-450.

PART SEVEN The Good And The Bad

Introduction

7A. Morality

Introduction

Plato Why Should We Be Good?

Edited from Republic, Books II and IX. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.

Aristotle Virtues

Edited from Nicomachean Ethics, Books I and II. Translated by W. D. Ross, 1908.

David Hume Morality is Determined by Sentiment

Edited from An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 1777, Section I and Appendix I.

Immanuel Kant Duty

Edited from The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics, Introduction. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill

Abbott, 1909.

John Stuart Mill The Principle of Utility

Edited from Utilitarianism, 1861, Chapters II and IV.

Friedrich Nietzsche A Free Spirit

Edited from Beyond Good and Evil, Chapter II. Translated by Helen Zimmern, 1913.

Thomas H. Huxley Evolution and Ethics

Edited from The Romanes Lecture, 1893.

Rosalind Hursthouse Virtue Ethics

From The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2013 Edition.

David B. Wong Moral Relativism

From Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

7B. Applied Ethics

Introduction

James Rachels Active and Passive Euthanasia

From The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 292, January 9, 1975, pp 78-80.

Judith Jarvis Thomson A Defense of Abortion

From Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, Fall 1971, pp 47-66.

Don Marquis Why Abortion Is Immoral

From Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 86, April, 1989, pp 183-202.

Peter Singer Famine, Affluence and Morality

From Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 3, Spring, 1972, pp 229-243.

John Harris The Survival Lottery

From Philosophy, Vol. 50, (191), 1975, pp 81-87.

Richard Hanley A Wolf in Sheep’s Cloning?

From Monash Bioethics Review, 18.1, 1999, 59-62.

PART EIGHT Failure To Communicate: Political And Social Philosophy

Introduction

Plato Should I Obey the Laws?

Edited from Crito. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.

Aristotle A Political Animal

Edited from Politics, Book I, Parts I, II and IX. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1885.

Thomas Hobbes Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, and Short

Edited from Leviathan, 1651, Chapters XIII-XV, and XVII.

John Locke For the Good of the People

Edited from Second Treatise of Civil Government, 1689, Chapters VII, IX, and XIX.

Catharine Macaulay Observations on Revolution

Edited from Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in

France, 1791.

John Stuart Mill Liberty

Edited from On Liberty, 1859, Chapter I.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Workers of the World, Unite!

Edited from Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1888, Chapters I, II, and IV.

John Dewey Democratic Habits of Thought and Action

Edited from "Democracy and Educational Administration," School and Society, 45, April 3, 1937), pp

457-467.

Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Edited from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, Chapter 13.

Karen Green Parity and Procedural Justice

From Essays in Philosophy, Volume 7, Issue 1, Article 4, 2006.

Richard Rorty Love And Money

From Common Knowledge, Vol 1, No. 1, Spring, 1992, pp 12-16.

Kwame Anthony Appiah Identity: Political not Cultural

From Field Work: Sites in Literary and Cultural Studies, Marjorie Garber, Rebecca L. Walkowitz,

Paul B. Franklin (eds), New York, Routledge, 1997, pp 34–40.

PART NINE I Know It When I See It: Art And Aesthetics

Introduction

Aristotle Tragedy

Edited from Poetics, Section 1, Parts VI-IX, and XXIV-XXV. Translated by S. H. Butcher, 1895.

Henri Bergson An Animal Which Laughs, and is Laughed At

Edited from Laughter, Chapter I. Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell, 1914.

George Santayana A Pledge of the Possible

Edited from The Sense of Beauty, 1896.

Arthur Schopenhauer Art Takes Away the Mist

From The World as Will and Idea, Vol. III, Chapter XXXIV. Translated by R. B. Haldane, and J.

Kemp, 1909.

Amie L. Thomasson Ontological Innovation in Art

From the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 68/2, 2010, pp 119-130.

PART TEN Does Life Have Any Meaning?

Introduction

Epicurus In Waking or in Dream

Edited from Stoic and Epicurean. Translated by Robert Drew Hicks, 1910.

Arthur Schopenhauer The Vanity of Existence

Edited from Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer. Translated by T. Bailey Saunders, 1902.

Sören Kierkegaard What Then Would Life Be?

Edited from Fear and Trembling. Translated by Walter Lowrie, Princeton University Press, 1941.

Thomas Nagel The Absurd

From The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 68, No. 20, 1971, pp 716-727.

Richard Taylor The Meaning of Life

From Good and Evil, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2000.

Susan Wolf The Meanings of Lives

From "The Meanings of Lives," reprinted with permission of the author.

Brooke Alan Trisel Intended and Unintended Life

From The Philosophical Forum, 2012, Vol. 43 (4), pp 395-403.

EPILOGUE

Bertrand Russell The Value of Philosophy

Edited from The Problems of Philosophy, 1912, Chapter XV.

Appendix 1 The Role Of Logic

Appendix 2 A Guide To Writing Philosophy Papers

Glossary

Stan Baronett is also the author of Logic, 3^rdEdition (2015).