Inorganic and Organic Thin Films Fundamentals, Fabrication, and Applications, 2 Volumes

Learn more about foundational and advanced topics in polymer thin films and coatings besides species with this powerful two-volume resource

The two-volume Inorganic and Organic Thin Films: Fundamentals, Fabrication, and Applications delivers a foundational resource for current researchers and commercial users involved in the design and fabrication of thin films. The book offers newcomers to the field a thorough description of new design theory, fabrication methods, and applications of advanced thin films.

Readers will discover the physics and chemistry underlying the manufacture of new thin films and coatings in this leading new resource that promises to become a handbook for future applications of the technology.

This one-stop reference brings together all important aspects of inorganic and polymeric thin films and coatings, including construction, assembly, deposition, functionality, patterning, and characterization. Explorations of their applications in industries as diverse as information technology, new energy, biomedical engineering, aerospace, and oceanographic engineering round out this fulsome exploration of one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of scientific and industrial research today. Readers will also learn from:

• A comprehensive introduction to the progress of thin films and coatings as well as fundamentals in functional thin films and coatings
• An exploration of multi-layered magnetic thin films for electron transport control and signal sensing, including giant magnetoresistance, colossal magnetoresistance, tunneling magnetoresistance, and the quantum anomalous Holzer effect
• An in time summary of high-quality magneto-optics, nanophotonics, spin waves and spintronics using bismuth-substituted iron garnet thin films as examples
• A thorough discussion of template-assisted fabrication of nanostructure thin films for ultrasensitive detection of chemicals and biomolecules
• A treatment of biomass derived functional films and coatings

Perfect for materials scientists and inorganic chemists, Inorganic and Organic Thin Films will also earn a place in the libraries of solid state physicists and physical chemists working in private industry, as well as polymer and surface chemists who seek to improve their understanding of thin films and coatings.

Volume 1

Biography xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Introduction: Progress of Thin Films and Coatings 1
Yujun Song

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Thin Films for the Innovation of Information Technology 2

1.3 Thin Films for Ultrasensitive Sensing Devices 7

1.4 Thin Films for Sustainable Energy Application 9

1.5 Thin Films and Coatings for Key Sources and Ecological Environment of Earth 28

1.6 Thin Films and Coatings for Biomedical Engineering and Life Science 32

1.7 Thin Films and Coatings for National Defense and Homeland Security 38

Acknowledgments 41

List of Abbreviations 42

References 44

2 Fundamental in Functional Thin Films and Coatings 59
Weiwei Zhang and Yujun Song

2.1 Introduction 59

2.2 Theory of Magneto-electric Coupling in Magnetic Thin Films 59

2.3 Theory of Electronic Thin Films: Electronic Percolation and Spintronic Theory on the Semiconductor Thin Film 60

2.4 Theory of Metal Structural Thin Films: Metamaterials and the Negative Permeability Theory and Maxwell Theory 62

2.5 Theory of Surface Plasmon Resonance and Magnetoplasmonic Thin Films 66

2.6 Heterojunction Theory 73

2.7 Topological Insulator, Topological Semi-metal, and Perovskite 74

2.8 Acoustic Theory 77

2.9 Theory of Magnetoacoustic and Photoacoustic Coupling 79

2.9.1 The Mechanism of the Sound Pressure in the Presence of the Pulse Magnetic Field 80

2.9.2 The Mechanism of the Sound Pressure in the Presence of the Pulsed Magnetic Field and Static Magnetic Field 80

2.10 Theory of Acoustooptic Effect 82

2.11 Magnetothermal Thin Films: Phonon Thermal Theory 83

2.12 Theory of Thermoelectric Effect 84

2.13 Thermal Barrier Insulation Theory for TBC Coating 86

2.14 Permeability Theory: Fick First Diffusion Theory and Fick Second Diffusion Theory 87

2.15 Multi-physical Field Coupling Theory and Simulation Software Introduction 88

Acknowledgments 90

List of Abbreviation 91

References 91

3 Multilayered Magnetic Thin Films for Electron Transport Control and Signal Sensing: From GMR, CMR, TMR to Quantum Anomalous Holzer Effect 95
Weiwei Zhang and Yujun Song

3.1 Introduction 95

3.2 Multilayered Magnetic Thin Film for the Electron Transport Control and Sensing Based on Magnetoresistance (GMR) Effect 96

3.2.1 Introduction of GMR 96

3.2.2 Fabrication of GMR Multilayered Thin Films 97

3.2.2.1 MBE Method for the Fabrication of the GMR Devices 99

3.2.2.2 Magnetron Sputtering Method for the Fabrication of GMR Devices 99

3.2.3 GMR Applications for Sensors 100

3.3 Multilayered Magnetic Thin Film for the Electron Transport Control and Sensing Based on Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) Effect 102

3.3.1 Introduction of CMR 102

3.3.2 Fabrication of Multilayered Thin Films Based on CMR Effect 103

3.3.3 CMR Applications 105

3.4 Multilayered Magnetic Thin Film for the Electron Transport Control and Sensing Based on Colossal Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR) Effect 106

3.4.1 Introduction of TMR 106

3.4.2 Fabrication of Multilayered Thin Films of the TMR Effect 107

3.4.3 TMR Applications 110

3.5 The Multilayered Magnetic Thin Film Based on Quantum Anomalous Holzer Effect (QAHE) 111

3.6 Summary and Perspectives 112

Acknowledgments 113

List of Abbreviation and Symbol 114

References 114

4 Bismuth-Substituted Iron Garnet Films for Magnetophotonics: Part A – Fabrication Methods and Microstructure Property Study 125
Andrey A. Voronov, T. Mikhailova, Olga V. Borovkova, Alexander N. Shaposhnikov, Vladimir N. Berzhansky, and Vladimir I. Belotelov

4.1 Introduction 125

4.2 Fabrication Methods 126

4.2.1 Synthesis Technology and Conditions of Bismuth-substituted Iron Garnet Films 126

4.2.2 Fabrication of Fabry–Perot 1D-MPC with BiIG Bilayer 135

4.2.3 Fabrication of Tamm 1D-MPC with BiIG Bilayer 136

4.3 Properties of the Structures 139

4.3.1 Magneto-optical Properties of FP-1D-MPCs 139

4.3.2 Magneto-optical Properties of T-1D-MPCs with BiIG Bilayer 143

4.3.3 An increase of the Magneto-optical Response in the Ultrathin Films 145

Acknowledgment 155

List of Abbreviations and Symbols 156

References 156

5 Bismuth-substituted Iron Garnet Films for Magnetophotonics: Part B – Devices and Applications 161
Andrey A. Voronov, Daria O. Ignatyeva, Nikolay A. Gusev, Petr M. Vetoshko, Nazar V. Lugovskoy, Yujun Song, Vladimir N. Berzhansky, and Vladimir I. Belotelov

5.1 Device Assemble and Application of Iron Garnet Films for Ultrasensitive Magnetometry 161

5.2 Devices Assemble and Application of BiIG Films for Biosensing 174

5.3 Devices Assemble and Application of Iron Garnet Films for Magneto-optical Eddy Current Flaw Detection 178

5.3.1 Introduction 178

5.3.2 Experimental Part 179

5.3.3 Introscope 180

5.3.4 Physical Properties of MO Sensors 181

5.3.5 The Sensory Properties of the EA Films 184

5.3.5.1 The Effect of Alternating Field Amplitude 184

5.3.5.2 The Effect of Alternating Field Frequency 184

5.3.5.3 The Effect of Bias Magnetic Field 185

5.3.5.4 Dynamic Domains in the Garnet Film Sensor Element 186

5.3.6 The Sensory Properties of the EP Films 188

5.3.7 Applications of MOEC: Imaging of Welds 188

5.3.7.1 Nondefective Welds 188

5.3.7.2 Defective Welds 190

5.3.8 Simulation of EC Magnetic Fields in Samples with Defects 191

5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 193

Acknowledgments 193

List of Abbreviation and Symbol 194

References 194

6 MEMS, NEMS, AEMS, and Quantum Films for the Next Generation of Computing and Information Technology 199
Haishuai Chai, Junmei Wang, and Yujun Song

6.1 Introduction 199

6.2 Typical Fabrication Methods for MEMS, NEMS, and AEMS 200

6.2.1 Fabrication of Microstructures 200

6.2.2 Fabrication Process of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) 203

6.2.3 Fabrication Process of Field Emission Transistors (FET) 203

6.2.4 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Sensor and Its Fabrication Method 204

6.3 From MEMS to NEMS and then to Quantum Films and AEMS for the Next Generation of Information Technology 205

6.3.1 The Trend of Microsystem Integration Technology 205

6.3.2 The Development Trend of Microsystem Packaging Technology 207

6.3.3 Challenges in the Development of Microsystems Technology 207

6.4 NEMS and AEM 210

6.4.1 NEMS 210

6.4.2 AEMS 211

6.5 Quantum Films for Information Technology 212

6.6 Summary and Perspectives 214

Acknowledgments 214

List of Abbreviations 214

References 215

7 Metamaterial or Metastructural Thin Films for EM Wave Control 221
Menglin L.N. Chen, Luzhou Chen, Xunwang Dang, Maokun Li, Li Jun Jiang, and Wei E.I. Sha

7.1 Introduction 221

7.2 Modeling and Synthesis Methods of Metasurfaces 222

7.2.1 Jones Vector and Jones Matrix 223

7.2.2 Polarizability Model 224

7.2.3 Susceptibility Model 225

7.2.4 Equivalent Impedance Model 226

7.3 Simulation Algorithms of Quasi-periodic Electromagnetic Surfaces 227

7.3.1 Introduction to EM Surfaces 227

7.3.2 Design of Quasi-periodic EM Surfaces 228

7.3.3 Simulation Algorithms of Quasi-periodic EM Surfaces 229

7.3.4 Review of Simulation Algorithms of Quasi-periodic EM Surfaces 230

7.4 Orbital Angular Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves: Generation and Detection 233

7.4.1 Introduction 233

7.4.2 Generation of Orbital Angular Momentum 234

7.4.2.1 Geometric-phase Metasurfaces 234

7.4.2.2 Photonic Crystals 237

7.4.3 Detection of Orbital Angular Momentum 238

7.5 Application in Spontaneous Emission Modification 241

7.5.1 Spontaneous Emission in Inhomogeneous Electromagnetic Environment 241

7.5.2 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 242

7.5.3 Metamaterials Enhance Spontaneous Emission 242

7.5.4 Metasurfaces Enhance Spontaneous Emission 243

7.5.5 Other Potential Application in Quantum Optics 245

7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 245

Acknowledgments 245

List of Abbreviations 246

References 247

8 Semiconductor Thin Films for Information Technology 257
Na Chen

8.1 Introduction 257

8.2 Fabrication of Semiconductor Thin Films 258

8.2.1 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 259

8.2.2 Magnetron Sputtering 259

8.2.3 Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 260

8.3 Nonmagnetic Semiconductor Thin Films and Typical Applications 261

8.3.1 Semiconductor Thin Films for Light-emitting Devices 261

8.3.2 Thin Film Transistors for Displays 263

8.3.3 Phase-change Semiconductor Thin Films 264

8.3.4 Semiconductor Thin Films for Sensors 268

8.4 Magnetic Semiconductor Thin Films 269

8.4.1 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors 270

8.4.2 Amorphous Magnetic Semiconductors 272

8.4.3 Phase-change Amorphous Magnetic Semiconductor Thin Films 275

8.4.4 Magnetic Semiconductor Thin Film-based Spintronic Devices 277

8.4.5 Prospective for Magnetic Semiconductors 279

8.5 Conclusion and Outlook 280

List of Abbreviations 280

References 280

9 Glass Transition in Organic Semiconductor Thin Films 285
Han-Nan Yang and Zheng-Hong Lu

9.1 Introduction 285

9.2 Determination of Glass Transition Temperature in Organic Thin Films 287

9.3 Model for Predicting Glass Transition Temperature of Organic–Organic Composites 291

9.4 Model for Predicting Glass Transition Temperature of Nano-organic Composites 292

9.5 Summary 295

Acknowledgments 296

List of Abbreviations 296

References 296

10 Thermoelectric Films for Electricity Generation 299
Metin Yurddaskal, Melis Yurddaskal, Ozan Yilmaz, and Serdar Gultekin

10.1 Introduction 299

10.2 Thermoelectricity 300

10.3 Overview of Inorganic and Organic Thermoelectrics for Thin Films 301

10.3.1 The Seebeck Effect 301

10.3.2 The Peltier Effect 307

10.3.3 The Thomson Effect 309

10.4 Classification of Thin Film Thermoelectric (TE) Materials 311

10.4.1 Inorganic Thermoelectric Thin Films 311

10.4.1.1 Bi–Te-Based Superlattices 311

10.4.1.2 Cobalt Oxide-Based Thin Films 311

10.4.1.3 Zn-Based Thin Films 312

10.4.1.4 Cu-Based Thin Films 312

10.4.2 Organic-based Thin Film TE Materials 313

10.4.2.1 Polyacetylene and Polyaniline 313

10.4.2.2 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) 313

10.4.2.3 Polypyrrole and Polythiophene 314

10.4.2.4 Other n-Type Polymers 314

10.4.3 Inorganic–Organic Composite Thermoelectric Thin Film Materials 314

10.4.3.1 Metal–Organic Frameworks 315

10.4.3.2 Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites 315

10.5 Applications of Thermoelectric Materials 315

10.5.1 Thermoelectric Cooling 316

10.5.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation 316

10.5.3 Organic Inverter Circuit 316

10.5.4 Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) 318

10.5.5 Organic Radio Frequency Identification Tags 319

10.5.6 Organic DNA Sensors 319

10.5.7 Limitations 320

10.6 Techniques of Thin Film Deposition for Thermoelectric Device 320

10.6.1 Sputtering 320

10.6.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 321

10.6.3 Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 321

10.6.4 Electrochemical Deposition (ECD) 323

10.6.5 Flash Evaporation (FE) 323

10.6.6 Thermal Evaporation 324

10.6.7 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 324

10.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 326

List of Abbreviations and Symbols 327

References 328

Volume 2

Biography xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

11 Template-assisted Fabrication of Nanostructure Thin Films for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chemicals and Biomolecules: Part A – Template-assisted Nanoimprinting Technology for Functional Thin Films 339
Xiaomin Zhu, Xinhua Chen, Andrey A. Voronov, Vladimir I. Belotelov, and Yujun Song

12 Template-assisted Fabrication of Nanostructured Thin Films for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chemicals and Biomolecules: Part B – Detection of Chemicals and Biomolecules Based on Nanostructured Thin Films 381
Xiaomin Zhu, Xinhua Chen, and Yujun Song

13 Polymer-based Films for Artificial Intelligence 411
Ran Liu, Junmei Wang, and Yujun Song

14 Selective Permeable Thin Films and Membranes 447
Qiong Wu, Xiaoxiong Zhao, Lifan Peng, and Yujun Song

15 Biomass-Derived Functional Films and Coatings 489
Gao Xiao

16 Polymer Composite Coating for Anti-marine and Related Organism Corrosion 511
Kaifeng Chen, Zhipeng Xie, Yu Liang, Jingjing Wang, and Haiyan Zhuang

17 Anechoic Coating for Underwater Vehicles 549
Weiwei Zhang and Yujun Song

18 Thin Films and/or Coating for Electromagnetic Interference and Stealth 587
Junmei Wang and Yujun Song

19 Thermal Barrier Coating for Aerial and Aerospace Engine 615
Zaidao Li and Yujun Song

20 Perspectives for Thin Films and Coatings 647
Yujun Song

Index 681

Yujun Song, PhD, is Professor in the School of Mathematics and Physics at University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. He received his doctorate in Materials Science and Engineering from Beijing University of Chemical Technology.