The Herpesviruses, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983 The Viruses Series

The first volume of the series entitled Comprehensive Virology was pub­ lished in 1974 and the last is yet to appear. We noted in 1974 that virology as a discipline has passed through its descriptive and phenomenological phases and was joining the molecular biology revolution. The volumes published to date were meant to serve as an in-depth analysis and standard reference of the evolving field of virology. We felt that viruses as biological entities had to be considered in the context of the broader fields of mo­ lecular and cellular biology. In fact, we felt then, and feel even more strongly now, that viruses, being simpler biological models, could serve as valuable probes for investigating the biology of the far more complex host cell. During the decade-long compilation of a series of books like Comprehensive Virology, some of the coverage will obviously not remain up-to-date. The usual remedy to this aspect of science publishing is to produce a second edition. However, in view of the enormous increase in knowledge about viruses, we felt that a new approach was needed in covering virology in the 1980s and 1990s. Thus we decided to abandon the somewhat arbitrary subgrouping of the subject matter of Compre­ hensive Virology under the titles Reproduction, Structure and Assembly, Regulation and Genetics, Additional Topics, and Virus-Host Interac­ tions. Instead we have organized a new series entitled The Viruses.

1 The Biology of Cytomegaloviruses.- I. Properties of Cytomegaloviruses.- A. Physical Properties.- B. Biological Properties.- C. Molecular Properties.- II. In Vitro Infection of Host Cells.- A. Human Cytomegaloviruses.- B. Murine Cytomegalovirus.- C. Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus.- D. Other Cytomegaloviruses.- III. Pathogenesis in Natural Hosts.- A. Pathogenicity in Rodents.- B. Pathogenesis in Monkeys.- IV. Transmission.- V. Latency, Persistence, and Reactivation.- VI. Cell Transformation by Cytomegaloviruses.- VII. Control of Cytomegalovirus Infections.- A. Antiviral Therapy.- B. Interferon.- C. Vaccines.- References.- 2 Molecular Biology of Cytomegaloviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Rate of Infectious Virus Production: Comparisons between Herpes Simplex Virus and Cytomegalovirus.- III. Viral Genome.- A. Physical Properties of the Cytomegalovirus Genome.- B. Viral Genome Arrangement.- C. Comparisons among Different Strains of Human Cytomegaloviruses.- D. Defective Cytomegalovirus DNA.- IV. Transcription of the Viral Genome.- A. Sequential Viral Genome Expression.- B. Mapping the Immediate Early Viral Genes.- C. Mapping the Early and Late Viral Genes.- D. Comparisons between Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus Transcription.- V. Virus-Induced Protein and Glycoprotein Synthesis in Infected Cells.- A. Protein Synthesis.- B. Criteria for the Identification of Virus-Induced Proteins and Glycoproteins.- C. Immediate Early Proteins.- D. Early Proteins.- E. Late Proteins.- F. Early and Late Virus-Induced Glycoproteins.- VI. Virus-Induced Enzymes.- A. Host-Cell Enzymes.- B. Virus-Specified Enzymes.- VII. Viral DNA Replication.- VIII. Virions and Dense Bodies of Cytomegalovirus.- IX. Nonproductive Infection.- A. Nonproductive Cells of Animal Origin.- B. Nonproductive Cells of Human Origin.- X. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Molecular Biology of Varicella—Zoster Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. In Vitro Growth Problem.- III. Varicella—Zoster-Virus-Related Proteins.- IV. Varicella—Zoster Virus DNA.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Bovine Herpesviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Classification.- IV. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- V. Genetic Material.- A. Genome of Bovid Herpesvirus 1.- B. Genome of Bovid Herpesvirus 2.- C. DNAs of Bovid Herpesviruses 3 and 4.- D. DNA of Bovid Herpesvirus 5.- E. DNA of Bovid Herpesvirus 6.- VI. Proteins and Antigens.- A. Virus-Specific Proteins.- B. Serological Identification of Strains and Individual Strain Differences.- C. Virus-Specific Antigens.- D. Antigenic Diversity of Bovine Herpesviruses and Immunological Cross-Reactivities with Other Herpesviruses.- VII. Properties of the Viruses.- A. In Vitro.- B. In Vivo.- VIII Immune Response and Other Defense Mechanisms.- A. Humoral Immune Response.- B. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- C. Interferon.- D. Role of Host Defense Mechanisms.- IX. Diseases, Experimental Infections, and Pathology.- A. Bovid Herpesvirus 1 Infections.- B. Bovid Herpesvirus 2 Infections.- C. Bovid Herpesvirus 3 Infections.- D. Bovid Herpesvirus 4 Infections.- E. Bovid Herpesvirus 5 Infections.- F. Bovid Herpesvirus 6.Infections.- X. Pathogenesis.- XI. Diagnosis.- XII. Epidemiology.- XIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 The Equine Herpesviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Classification and Clinical Features.- A. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1.- B. Equine Herpesvirus Type 2.- C. Equine Herpesvirus Type 3.- III. Structure and Molecular Anatomy of Equine Herpesvirus Virions and Their Components.- A. Morphology.- B. Properties of Equine Herpesvirus DNAs.- IV. Replication.- A. Introduction.- B. Early Events: Morphological.- C. Transcription.- D. DNA Synthesis.- E. New Enzymatic Activities following Infection with Equine Herpesviruses.- F. Protein Synthesis.- G. Capsid Assembly and Envelopment.- H. Effect of Equine Herpesvirus Infection on Host Macromolecular Synthesis.- V. Defective Interfering Particles and Systems of Persistent Infection.- A. Generation of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Defective Interfering Particles in Vivo.- B. Biochemical and Biological Properties of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Defective Interfering Particles Generated in Cell Culture.- C. Coestablishment of Persistent Infection and Oncogenic Transformation by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Defective Interfering Particle Preparations.- D. Mechanism for Maintenance of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Persistent Infection.- E. Coestablishment of Persistent Infection and Oncogenic Transformation by High-Multiplicity Infection with Equine Cytomegalovirus.- VI. Oncogenic Potential of Equine Herpesviruses.- A. Properties of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Oncogenically Transformed Cells.- B. Identification of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 DNA Sequences Integrated in LSEH Transformed and Tumor Hamster Embryo Cell Lines.- C. Blot Hybridization Analyses of Defective Interfering Tumor Cells.- D. Construction and Mapping of Recombinant Phages Containing LSEH-4 Conjoint Sequences.- E. Oncogenic Transformation of Hamster Embryo Cells by Equine Cytomegalovirus.- F. Oncogenic Transformation of Hamster Embryo Cells by Equine Herpesvirus Type 3.- G. Concluding Remarks Concerning Equine Herpesvirus Oncogenesis.- VII. Evolutionary Relationships.- A. Among the Equine Herpesviruses.- B. Between the Equine and Other Herpesviruses.- C. Origins of the Herpesviruses.- VIII. Antiviral Prospects.- A. Predictive Value of the Equine Herpesvirus Type 1-Hamster Model.- B. Control of Equine Herpesviral Disease by Chemotherapy.- References.- 6 Biology and Properties of Fish and Reptilian Herpesviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Reptilian Herpesviruses.- A. Painted Turtle Herpesvirus.- B. Pacific Pond Turtle Herpesvirus.- C. Green Sea Turtle Herpesvirus (Gray Patch Disease).- D. Iguana Herpesvirus.- E. Green Lizard Herpesvirus.- F. Elapid Snake Herpesvirus.- III. Teleost Fish Herpesviruses.- A. Oncorhynchus masou Virus.- B. Herpesvirus salmonis (Salmonid Herpesvirus Disease).- C. Carp Pox Herpesvirus (Herpesvirus epithelioma).- D. Channel Catfish Herpesvirus (Channel Catfish Virus).- E. Turbot Herpesvirus (Herpesvirus scophthalmi).- F. Walleye Herpesvirus.- References.- 7 Amphibian Herpesviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Lucké Tumor.- III. Lucké Tumor Herpesvirus.- A. Morphology and Structure.- B. Virus DNA.- C. Relationship of Temperature to Virus Replication and Expression of Virus Genes.- D. Oncogenicity.- E. Effect of Physical and Chemical Agents on Lucké Herpesvirus Oncogenicity.- F. Natural Transmission.- G. Cultivation in Vitro.- IV. Frog Virus 4.- A. Isolation.- B. Morphology and Structure.- C. Virus DNA.- D. Virus—Cell Interaction.- E. Effect of Physical and Chemical Agents.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 8 B Virus (Herpesvirus simiae).- I. Introduction and History.- II. Morphogenesis and Morphology.- A. Virus—Cell Interaction.- B. Morphogenesis.- C. Morphology.- III. Genetic Material.- A. Guanosine Plus Cytosine Content of the DNA.- B. Measurement of the DNA Contour Length by Electron Microscopy.- C. Infectivity of B Virus DNA.- D. Restriction-Endonuclease Cleavage Patterns.- IV. Antigens and Proteins.- A. Proteins.- B. Antigens.- V. Serology.- A. B Virus and Other Herpesvirus Infections: Serological Diagnosis.- B. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Tests.- C. Considerations on the Function of Common Antigenic Determinants in B Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Bovid Herpesvirus 2.- VI. Pathogenesis and Pathology.- A. Disease in Monkeys.- B. Disease in Man.- C. Latency.- VII. Epidemiology.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.