Evolutionary Tinkering in Gene Expression, 1989

The Workshop on "Evolutionary Tinkering in Gene Expression" which was held at the end of August 1988. was planned to celebrate 20 successful Advanced Study Institutes (A. S. I.) in Molecular and Cell Biology. The first Institute was held in 1966 on the Island of Spetsai. after a N. A. T. O. suggestion and was entirely financed by N. A. T. O. The success was immediately so great that the Institute grew very rapidly and in the following years. N. A. T. O .? E. M. B. O. (since 1972) and F. E. B. S. (since 1981) co-sponsored it. Since the start of the AS!. the U. S. National Science Foundation has granted travel money for a limited number of American participants each year. In addition. the course was supported by minor industrial subsidies of varying amounts which enabled the organizers to improve some of the local facilities particularly with respect to the lecture hall. In particular. Boehringer Mannheim has contributed since 1966. Furthermore. the Greek Ministry of Science and Culture has provided support at least for a social event during each ASI.

Conformational Polymorphism in DNA.- Translational Control of Gene Expression in E. coli: The Case of Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase.- Structural and Functional tRNA Mimicry of the 3?-end of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus RNA.- Protein Engineering of Elongation Factor Tu.- Translational Control by Phosphorylation of Mammalian Initiation Factors.- Ca2+-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases and Protein Kinase C: Functional Similarities.- Translocation of Proteins into Mitochondria.- tRNA Genes - Tinkering in Organization and Expression?.- Transcriptional Control by Retroviral LTR Regions.- Negative Regulation of Cell Growth.- The Human Immunoglobulin K Locus and its Evolution.- Murine Ornithine Transcarbamylase: Structure and Expression.- Compositional Patterns in Vertebrate Genomes: Conservation and Change in Evolution.- Organization and Evolution of Genomes as Seen from a Megabase Perspective.- Line-1 Sequences: Human Transposable Elements.- The Evolutionary Origin of Glycosomes: How Glycolysis Moved from Cytosol to Organelle in Evolution.- Can Plant RNA Viruses Exchange Genetic Material?.- Yeast Pre-mRNA Splicing Mutants.- Alternative Splicing to Tissue Specific Splicing — an Evolutionary Pathway?.- Was RNA the First Genetic Polymer?.- Sequence Space, Quasispecies and Statistical Geometry New Concepts in Molecular Biology.- Chronicle of the Summer Schools on Molecular Biology on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary.- Contributors.