End-to-End QoS Network Design (2nd Ed.) Quality of Service for Rich-Media & Cloud Networks
Auteurs : Szigeti Tim, Hattingh Christina, Barton Robert, Briley Kenneth
This authoritative guide to deploying, managing, and optimizing QoS with Cisco technologies has been thoroughly revamped to reflect the newest applications, best practices, hardware, software, and tools for modern networks.
This new edition focuses on complex traffic mixes with increased usage of mobile devices, wireless network access, advanced communications, and video. It reflects the growing heterogeneity of video traffic, including passive streaming video, interactive video, and immersive videoconferences. It also addresses shifting bandwidth constraints and congestion points; improved hardware, software, and tools; and emerging QoS applications in network security.
The authors first introduce QoS technologies in high-to-mid-level technical detail, including protocols, tools, and relevant standards. They examine new QoS demands and requirements, identify reasons to reevaluate current QoS designs, and present new strategic design recommendations. Next, drawing on extensive experience, they offer deep technical detail on campus wired and wireless QoS design; next-generation wiring closets; QoS design for data centers, Internet edge, WAN edge, and branches; QoS for IPsec VPNs, and more.
Part I: QoS Design Overview
Chapter 1 Introduction and Brief History of QoS and QoE 1
History and Evolution 2
Then 3
Now 3
Evolution of QoS 4
QoS Basics and Concepts 5
User Expectations: QoS, QoE, and QoX 5
QoS Models: IntServ and DiffServ 6
Fundamental QoS Concepts and Toolset 7
Packet Headers 8
Simplifying QoS 9
Standardization and Consistency 9
Summary 11
Further Reading 11
General 11
IntServ 12
DiffServ 12
Chapter 2 IOS-Based QoS Architectural Framework and Syntax Structure 13
QoS Deployment Principles 13
QoS Architectural Framework 14
QoS Behavioral Model 15
QoS Feature Sequencing 15
Modular QoS Command-Line Framework 16
MQC Syntax 17
Default Behaviors 19
Traffic Classification (Class Maps) 19
Definition of Policies (Policy Maps) 20
Attaching Policies to Traffic Flows (Service Policy) 22
Hierarchical QoS and HQF 23
Legacy QoS CLI No Longer Used 25
AutoQoS 26
Summary 29
Further Reading 29
General 29
AutoQoS 29
Chapter 3 Classification and Marking 31
Classification and Marking Topics 31
Classification and Marking Terminology 32
Security and QoS 33
Trust Boundaries 33
Network Attacks 34
Classification Challenges of Video and Wireless Traffic 34
Marking Fields in Different Technologies 35
Field Values and Interpretation 35
Ethernet 802.1Q/p 37
Ethernet 802.11 WiFi 38
ATM and FR 38
IPv4 and IPv6 39
L2 and L3 Tunnels 39
CAPWAP 40
MPLS 41
Mapping QoS Markings 41
Mapping L2 to L3 Markings 41
Mapping Cisco to RFC 4594 Markings 42
Mapping Markings for Wireless Networks 43
Classification Tools 44
Class-Based Classification (Class Maps) 45
Network-Based Application Recognition 47
NBAR Protocols 48
RTP Traffic 49
Performance Routing 49
Metadata Classification 50
Marking Tools 50
Class-Based Marking (Class Maps) 50
Effects of Feature Sequence 52
Mapping Markings with the Table Map Feature 52
Marking (or Re-Marking) with Policing 53
AutoQoS Marking 54
Recommendations and Guidelines 55
Summary 55
Further Reading 56
Classification and Marking 56
NBAR 56
Video QoS 56
Wireless QoS 57
RFCs 57
Chapter 4 Policing, Shaping, and Markdown Tools 59
Policing and Shaping Topics 59
Policing and Shaping Terminology 60
Placing Policers and Shapers in the Network 61
Tail Drop and Random Drop 61
Re-Mark/Markdown 62
Traffic Types to Police and Shape 62
Token Bucket Algorithms 62
Types of Policers 64
Single-Rate Two-Color Policers 64
RFC 2697 Single-Rate Three-Color Policers 65
RFC 2698 Dual-Rate Three-Color Policers 66
Security and QoS 68
Policing Tools 68
Policers as Markers 68
Class-Based Policing (Policy Maps) 69
Multi-Action Policing 70
Hierarchical Policing 71
Percentage-Based Policing 72
Color-Aware Policing 73
Policing as Part of Low-Latency Queuing 73
Control Plane Policing 74
Unconditional Packet Drop 75
Traffic Shaping Tools 75
Class-Based Shaping (Policy Maps) 76
Hierarchical Class-Based Shaping 77
Percentage-Based Shaping 77
Legacy Shaping Tools 78
ATM Traffic Shaping 78
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping 78
Recommendations and Guidelines 79
Summary 80
Further Reading 80
General 80
DiffServ Policing Standards 80
Policing 80
Shaping 81
Chapter 5 Congestion Management and Avoidance Tools 83
Congestion Management and Avoidance Topics 84
Congestion Management and Avoidance Terminology 84
Congestion Management and Congestion Avoidance 85
Scheduling Algorithms 85
Levels of Queuing 85
Queuing and Scheduling Tools 86
Class-Based Queuing (Policy Maps) 86
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing 88
Low-Latency Queuing 88
Queuing Below Layer 3: Tx-Ring Operation 91
Congestion Avoidance Tools 92
Random Early Detection 93
Weighted Random Early Detection 93
Recommendations and Guidelines 95
Summary 96
Further Reading 96
Queuing 96
Congestion Avoidance 96
Chapter 6 Bandwidth Reservation Tools 99
Admission Control Tools 100
Resource Reservation Protocol 101
RSVP Overview 101
RSVP Proxy 102
RSVP Deployment Models 103
Basic RSVP Design (IntServ/DiffServ Model) 104
Advanced RSVP Design (IntServ/DiffServ Model) 105
RSVP and LLQ 106
Recommendations and Guidelines 108
Summary 108
Further Reading 109
RSVP for Medianet 109
RSVP Technology 109
Chapter 7 QoS in IPv6 Networks 111
IPv6 and QoS Overview 111
QoS Tools for IPv6 112
QoS Feature Support for IPv6 112
Packet Headers, Classification, and Marking 112
Packet Classification 113
Packet Marking 114
Policing and Shaping 115
Recommendations and Guidelines 115
Summary 116
Further Reading 116
Chapter 8 Medianet 117
An Introduction to Medianet 117
Medianet Architecture and Framework 119
Medianet Features and Capabilities 120
Autoconfiguration 121
Auto Smartports 121
AutoQoS 121
Media Monitoring 122
Mediatrace 122
Performance Monitor 125
IPSLA Video Operation (Traffic Simulator, IPSLA VO) 127
Media Awareness 128
Flow Metadata 129
Network Based Application Recognition 2 130
Media Services Interface 132
Media Services Proxy 132
Summary 133
Further Reading 133
Overviews 133
Design Documents 134
Configuration Guides and Command References 134
Resources and Services 134
Chapter 9 Application Visibility Control (AVC) 135
AVC Use Cases 136
How AVC Works 138
The AVC Building Blocks 140
Building Block 1: NBAR2 140
NBAR2 Protocol Discovery 142
NBAR2 MQC Traffic Classification 144
Building Block 2: Flexible NetFlow 147
Flexible NetFlow Key Fields and Non-Key Fields 148
Configuration of FNF 149
Building Block 3: AVC Management and Reporting 152
Insight Reporter 153
Building Block 4: AVC QoS Controls 154
Deploying AVC QoS Controls at the WAN Edge 154
Deploying AVC QoS Controls at the Internet Edge 156
Performance Considerations When Using AVC 159
Summary 160
Additional Reading 161
Part II: QoS Design Strategies
Chapter 10 Business and Application QoS Requirements 163
Global Trends in Networking 164
The Evolution of Video Applications 164
The Explosion of Media 166
The Phenomena of Social Networking 167
The Bring Your Own Device Demand 167
The Emergence of Bottom-Up Applications 168
The Convergence of Media Subcomponents Within Multimedia Applications 168
The Transition to High-Definition Media 169
QoS Requirements and Recommendations by Application Class 169
Voice 170
Video Applications 171
Broadcast Video 173
Real-Time Interactive 174
Multimedia Applications 175
Multimedia Conferencing 176
Multimedia Streaming 177
Data Applications 177
Transactional Data (Low-Latency Data) 178
Bulk Data (High-Throughput Data) 178
Best Effort Data 179
Scavenger (Lower-Priority Data) 180
Control Plane Traffic 180
Network Control 181
Signaling 181
Operations/Administration/Management 182
Cisco (RFC 4594-Based) QoS Recommendations by Application Class Summary 182
QoS Standards Evolution 183
RFC 2597, Clarification 183
RFC 5865, Proposed Standard 184
RFC 4594, Update Draft 185
Summary 187
Further Reading 187
Chapter 11 QoS Design Principles and Strategies 189
QoS Best-Practice Design Principles 189
Hardware Versus Software QoS Best Practices 190
Classification and Marking Best Practices 191
Policing and Markdown Best Practices 192
Queuing and Dropping Best Practices 192
EF Queue Recommendations: The 33% LLQ Rule 193
AF Queue Recommendations 195
DF Queue Recommendations 195
Scavenger Class Queue Recommendations 195
WRED Recommendations 197
QoS Design Strategies 198
Four-Class Model QoS Strategy 198
Eight-Class Model QoS Strategy 200
Twelve-Class Model QoS Strategy 202
Application Class Expansion QoS Strategies 204
QoS for Security Strategies 206
Control Plane Policing Recommendations 208
Data Plane Policing Recommendations 210
Summary 213
Further Reading 214
Chapter 12 Strategic QoS Design Case Study 215
Tifosi Software Inc.: Company Overview 215
Original (Four-Class) QoS Model 215
Business Catalysts for QoS Reengineering 216
Proposed (Eight-Class) QoS Model 217
“Layer 8” Challenges 219
Summary 221
Additional Reading 221
Part III: Campus QoS Design
Chapter 13 Campus QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 223
MLS Versus MQC 225
Default QoS 226
Internal DSCP 226
Trust States and Operations 227
Trust Boundaries 230
DSCP Transparency 231
Port-Based QoS Versus VLAN-Based QoS Versus Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 232
EtherChannel QoS 234
Campus QoS Models 235
Ingress QoS Models 235
Egress QoS Models 238
Campus Port QoS Roles 239
Campus AutoQoS 241
Control Plane Policing 243
Summary 244
Additional Reading 246
Chapter 14 Campus Access (Cisco Catalyst 3750) QoS Design 247
Cisco Catalyst 3750 QoS Architecture 248
QoS Design Steps 249
Enabling QoS 250
Ingress QoS Models 250
Trust Models 251
Classification and Marking Models 254
Classification, Marking, and Policing Models 256
Queuing Models 260
Ingress Queuing Model 261
Egress Queuing Models 265
Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 271
Per-VLAN QoS Design 271
Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 272
EtherChannel QoS Design 273
AutoQoS SRND4 273
Control Plane Policing 274
Summary 274
Additional Reading 274
Chapter 15 Campus Distribution (Cisco Catalyst 4500) QoS Design 275
Cisco Catalyst 4500 QoS Architecture 276
QoS Design Steps 277
Queuing Models 277
Four-Class Egress Queuing Model 278
Eight-Class Egress Queuing Model 281
Twelve-Class Egress Queuing Model 284
Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 289
Access-Edge Design Options 290
Conditional Trust Model 290
Medianet Metadata Classification Model 292
Classification and Marking Models 293
Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 294
Per-VLAN QoS Design 297
Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 298
EtherChannel QoS Design 299
Flow-Based QoS 301
Control Plane Policing 303
Summary 303
Further Reading 303
Chapter 16 Campus Core (Cisco Catalyst 6500) QoS Design 305
Cisco Catalyst 6500 QoS Architecture 306
QoS Design Steps 308
Queuing Models 308
Four-Class (4Q4T Ingress and 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 311
Eight-Class (8Q4T Ingress and 1P7Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 314
Twelve-Class (8Q4T Ingress and 1P7Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 318
2P6Q4T Ingress and Egress Queuing Models 328
Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 329
Access-Edge Design Options 330
Conditional Trust Model 330
Classification and Marking Models 332
Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 335
Microflow Policing 341
Per-VLAN QoS Design 342
EtherChannel QoS Design 343
AutoQoS SRND4 344
Control Plane Policing 344
Summary 344
Further Reading 345
Chapter 17 Campus QoS Design Case Study 347
Tifosi Campus Access QoS Design 350
Policy 1: Access-Edge Design for Printer Endpoints (No Trust) 351
Policy 2: Access-Edge Design for Wireless Access Endpoints (DSCP Trust) 351
Policy 3: Access-Edge Design for Cisco TelePresence Endpoints (Conditional Trust) 352
Policy 4: Access-Edge Design for Cisco IP Phones or PCs (Conditional Trust and Classification and Marking) 352
Eight-Class 1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Design 355
Eight-Class 1P3Q3T Egress Queuing Design 357
Policy 5: Access Layer Uplink Design 359
Tifosi Campus Distribution QoS Design 360
Policy 6: Distribution Layer Downlink Ports (Catalyst 4500E Supervisor 7-E) 360
Policy 7: Distribution Layer Distribution-Link / Core-Uplink Ports 362
Tifosi Campus Core QoS Design 364
Policy 8: Core Layer (10GE) Downlink Design 364
Policy 9: Core Layer (40GE) Core-Link Design 368
Summary 370
Further Reading 371
Part IV: Wireless LAN QoS Design
Chapter 18 Wireless LAN QoS Considerations and Recommendations 373
Comparing QoS in Wired and Wireless LAN Environments 374
WLAN QoS Building Blocks 376
The Distributed Coordination Function 376
CSMA/CA 377
The DCF Contention Window 378
IEEE 802.11e and Wireless Multimedia (WMM) 382
Retrofitting DCF: Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 382
Access Categories 383
Arbitration Interframe Spacing 385
Contention Window Enhancements 386
Transmission Opportunity 388
802.11e TSpec: Call Admission Control 388
QoS Design Considerations 389
Defining Upstream and Downstream Traffic Flow 389
QoS Mapping and Marking Considerations 390
The Upstream QoS Marking Strategy 392
The Downstream QoS Marking Strategy 394
Summary 395
Additional Reading 396
Chapter 19 Centralized (Cisco 5500 Wireless LAN Controller) QoS Design 397
QoS Enforcement Points in the WLAN 398
Managing QoS Profiles in the Wireless LAN Controller 399
QoS Marking and Conditional Trust Boundaries 399
WLAN QoS Profiles 400
Building a Guest QoS Profile 408
QoS Design for VoIP Applications 410
Tweaking the EDCA Configuration 411
Call Admission Control on the Wireless Network 413
Enabling WMM QoS Policy on the WLAN 413
Enabling WMM QoS Policy on the WLAN 414
Media Session Snooping (a.k.a. SIP Snooping) 416
Application Visibility Control in the WLC 417
Developing a QoS Strategy for the WLAN 424
Four-Class Model Design 424
Tweaking the QoS Classification Downstream 425
Tweaking the QoS Classification Upstream 429
Eight-Class Model Design 430
Twelve-Class Model Design 431
Summary 432
Further Reading 433
Chapter 20 Converged Access (Cisco Catalyst 3850 and the Cisco 5760 Wireless LAN Controller) QoS Design 435
Converged Access 438
Cisco Catalyst 3850 QoS Architecture 439
QoS Design Steps 442
Enabling QoS 442
Ingress QoS Models 444
Wired-Only Conditional Trust Model 444
Classification and Marking Models 446
Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 448
Queuing Models 454
Wired Queuing 455
Wired 1P7Q3T Egress Queuing Model 456
Wired 2P6Q3T Egress Queuing Model 459
Wireless Queuing 470
Wireless 2P2Q Egress Queuing Model 472
Summary 474
Additional Reading 475
Chapter 21 Converged Access QoS Design Case Study 477
Tifosi Converged Access QoS Design: Wired 481
Policy 1: Access-Edge Design for Wired Printer Endpoints (No Trust) 481
Policy 2: Access-Edge Design for Wired Access Endpoints (DSCP Trust) 481
Policy 3: Access-Edge Design for Cisco TelePresence Endpoints (Conditional Trust) 482
Policy 4: Access-Edge Design for Cisco IP Phones and PCs (Conditional Trust and Classification and Marking) 482
Policy 5: Access-Edge Wired Queuing Design 485
Tifosi Converged Access QoS Design: Wireless 488
Policy 6: Access-Edge Design for Mobile Wireless Clients (Dynamic Policy with and Classification & Marking) 489
Policy 7: Access-Edge Wireless Queuing Design 491
Policy 8: SSID Bandwidth Allocation Between Guest and Enterprise SSIDs (SSID Policy to Separate Bandwidth Distribution) 492
Policy 9: CT 5760 Wireless LAN Controller Uplink Ports 493
Cisco Identity Services Engine 495
Summary 496
Additional Reading 496
Part V: Data Center QoS Design
Chapter 22 Data Center QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 499
Data Center Architectures 500
High-Performance Trading Data Center Architectures 500
Big Data (HPC/HTC/Grid) Architectures 501
Virtualized Multiservice Data Center Architectures 503
Secure Multitenant Data Center Architectures 505
Massively Scalable Data Center Architectures 506
Data Center QoS Tools 507
Data Center Bridging Toolset 508
Ethernet Flow Control: IEEE 802.3x 508
Priority Flow Control: IEEE 802.1Qbb 510
Skid Buffers and Virtual Output Queuing 512
Enhanced Transmission Selection: IEEE 802.1Qaz 514
Congestion Notification: IEEE 802.1Qau 515
Data Center Bridging Exchange: IEEE 802.1Qaz + 802.1AB 516
Data Center Transmission Control Protocol 517
NX-OS QoS Framework 519
Data Center QoS Models 520
Data Center Marking Models 520
Data Center Applications and Protocols 521
CoS/DSCP Marking 523
CoS 3 Overlap Considerations and Tactical Options 524
Data Center Application-Based Marking Models 526
Data Center Application/Tenant-Based Marking Models 527
Data Center QoS Models 528
Data Center Port QoS Roles 529
Summary 532
Additional Reading 534
Chapter 23 Data Center Virtual Access (Nexus 1000V) QoS Design 535
Cisco Nexus 1000 System Architecture 537
Nexus 1000V Configuration Notes 539
Monitoring QoS Statistics 540
Ingress QoS Model 540
Trust Models 541
Trusted Server Model 541
Untrusted Server Model 541
Classification and Marking 544
Single-Application Server Model 544
Multi-Application Server Model 545
Server Policing Model 547
Egress QoS Model 549
Four-Class Egress Queuing Model 551
Eight-Class Egress Queuing Model 556
Summary 559
Additional Reading 559
Chapter 24 Data Center Access/Aggregation (Nexus 5500/2000) QoS Design 561
Cisco Nexus 5500 System Architecture 562
Architectural Overview 563
Virtual Output Queuing 564
QoS Groups and System Classes 567
QoS Design Steps 569
Ingress QoS Models 569
Trust Models 570
Trusted Server Model 570
Untrusted Server Model 570
Classification and Marking Models 572
Single-Application Server Model 573
Multi-Application Server Model 576
Application Policing Server Model 578
Modifying the Ingress Buffer Size 580
Egress Queuing Models 582
Four-Class Model 582
Eight-Class Model 587
Additional QoS Designs Options 592
Nexus 5500 L3 QoS Configuration 592
Nexus 2000 Fabric Extender QoS 593
Using the network-qos Policy to Set MTU 597
Summary 597
Additional Reading 598
Chapter 25 Data Center Core (Nexus 7000) QoS Design 599
Nexus 7000 Overview 600
Nexus 7000 M2 Modules: Architecture and QoS Design 604
M2 QoS Design Steps 607
M2 Queuing Models 607
M2 Default Queuing Models 608
M2 Four-Class (4Q2T Ingress / 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Model 610
M2 Eight-Class (8Q2T Ingress / 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Model 615
M2 OTV Edge Device QoS Design 621
Nexus 7000 F2 Modules: Architecture and QoS Design 623
F2 QoS Design Steps 625
F2 Network QoS Policy Design 625
F2 Queuing Models 630
F2 Default Queuing Models 631
F2 Four-Class (4Q1T Ingress / 1P3Q1T Egress) Queuing Model 634
F2 Eight-Class (4Q1T Ingress / 1P3Q1T Egress) Queuing Model 634
FEX QoS Design 638
Additional M2/F2 QoS Design Options 638
Trusted Server Model 638
Untrusted Server Model 638
Single-Application Server Marking Model 642
Multi-Application Server Classification and Marking Model 642
Server Policing Model 643
DSCP-Mutation Model 645
CoPP Design 648
Summary 648
Further Reading 649
Chapter 26 Data Center QoS Design Case Study 651
Tifosi Data Center Virtual Access Layer Nexus 1000V QoS Design 655
Policy 1: Trusted Virtual Machines 655
Policy 2: Single-Application Virtual Machine 655
Policy 3: Multi-Application Virtual Machine 656
Policy 4: Network-Edge Queuing 657
Tifosi Data Center Access/Aggregation Layer Nexus 5500/2000 QoS Design 659
Policy 5: Trusted Server 660
Policy 6: Single-Application Server 660
Policy 7: Multi-Application Server 661
Policy 8: Network-Edge Queuing Policy 662
Tifosi Data Center Core Layer Nexus 7000 QoS Design 666
Policy 9: Network-Edge Queuing (F2 Modules) 666
Policy 10: Network-Edge Queuing (M2 Modules) 668
Policy 11: DSCP Mutation for Signaling Traffic Between Campus and Data Center 671
Summary 672
Further Reading 673
Part VI: WAN and Branch QoS Design
Chapter 27 WAN and Branch QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 675
WAN and Branch Architectures 677
Hardware Versus IOS Software QoS 678
Latency and Jitter 679
Tx-Ring 682
CBWFQ 683
LLQ 684
WRED 685
RSVP 685
Medianet 686
AVC 687
AutoQoS 687
Control Plane Policing 687
Link Types and Speeds 687
WAN and Branch QoS Models 688
Ingress QoS Models 689
Egress QoS Models 689
Control Plane Policing 692
WAN and Branch Interface QoS Roles 692
Summary 693
Further Reading 694
Chapter 28 WAN Aggregator (Cisco ASR 1000) QoS Design 697
Cisco ASR 1000 QoS Architecture 698
QoS Design Steps 700
ASR 1000 Internal QoS 701
SPA-Based PLIM 706
SIP-Based PLIM 707
Ingress QoS Models 708
Egress QoS Models 709
Four-Class Model 709
Eight-Class Model 712
Twelve-Class Model 715
Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 725
RSVP 725
Basic RSVP Model 726
Advanced RSVP Model with Application ID 729
AutoQoS SRND4 733
Control Plane Policing 733
Summary 733
Further Reading 734
Chapter 29 Branch Router (Cisco ISR G2) QoS Design 735
Cisco ISR G2 QoS Architecture 736
QoS Design Steps 738
Ingress QoS Models 738
Medianet Classification Models 738
Medianet Application-Based Classification and Marking Model 739
Medianet Application-Group-Based Classification Model 743
Medianet Attribute-Based Classification Model 744
NBAR2 Classification Models 744
NBAR2 Application-Based Classification and Marking Model 745
NBAR2 Application-Group-Based Classification Model 748
NBAR2 Attribute-Based Classification Model 748
Custom-Protocol NBAR2 Classification 752
Egress QoS Models 753
Four-Class Model 754
Eight-Class Model 754
Twelve-Class Model 754
Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 757
RSVP 757
AutoQoS SRND4 757
Control Plane Policing 757
Summary 757
Further Reading 758
Chapter 30 WAN and Branch QoS Design Case Study 759
Policy 1: Internal (PLIM) QoS for ASR 1000 761
Policy 1a: SIP-Based PLIM QoS 762
Policy 1b: SPA-Based PLIM QoS 762
Policy 2: LAN-Edge QoS Policies 763
Policy 3: WAN Edge QoS Policies 765
Summary 768
Further Reading 769
Part VII: MPLS VPN QoS Design
Chapter 31 MPLS VPN QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 771
MPLS VPN Architectures 772
MAN and WAN Ethernet Service Evolution 773
Sub-Line-Rate Ethernet Design Implications 775
QoS Paradigm Shift 779
Service Provider Class of Service Models 781
MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes 781
Uniform Mode 782
Short Pipe Mode 783
Pipe Mode 784
Enterprise-to-Service Provider Mapping 785
Mapping Real-Time Voice and Video 785
Mapping Control and Signaling Traffic 786
Separating TCP from UDP 786
Re-Marking and Restoring Markings 787
MPLS VPN QoS Roles 787
Summary 789
Further Reading 790
Chapter 32 Enterprise Customer Edge (Cisco ASR 1000 and ISR G2) QoS Design 793
QoS Design Steps 794
Ingress QoS Models 795
Egress QoS Models 795
Sub-Line-Rate Ethernet: Hierarchical Shaping and Queuing Models 795
Known SP Policing Bc 796
Unknown SP Policing Bc 797
Enterprise-to-Service Provider Mapping Models 798
Four-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to a Four-CoS Service Provider Model 798
Eight-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to a Six-CoS Service Provider Model 800
Twelve-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to an Eight Class-of-Service Service Provider Model 803
Summary 808
Further Reading 808
Chapter 33 Service Provider Edge (Cisco ASR 9000) QoS Design 809
QoS Architecture 810
QoS Design Steps 814
MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Models 814
Uniform Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 815
Uniform Mode Ingress Policer 816
Uniform Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 822
Uniform Mode (MPLS EXP-to-QG) Ingress Mapping Policy 823
Uniform Mode (QG-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 824
Pipe Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 826
Pipe Mode Ingress Policer 827
Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 830
Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-to-QG) Ingress Mapping Policy 831
Pipe Mode (QG-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 832
Short Pipe Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 834
Short Pipe Mode Ingress Policer 835
Short Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 838
Short Pipe Mode (DSCP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 840
Summary 842
Additional Reading 843
Chapter 34 Service Provider Core (Cisco CRS) QoS Design 845
QoS Architecture 846
QoS Design Steps 849
SP Core Class-of-Service QoS Models 849
Four-Class-of-Service SP Model 850
Four-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 850
Four-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 853
Six-Class-of-Service SP Core Model 854
Six-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 855
Six-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 856
Eight-Class-of-Service SP Core Model 857
Eight-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 857
Eight-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 858
Summary 860
Additional Reading 860
Chapter 35 MPLS VPN QoS Design Case Study 861
Policy 1: CE Router Internal QoS (Cisco ASR 1000) 863
Policy 2: CE Router LAN-Edge QoS Policies 863
Policy 3: CE Router VPN-Edge QoS Policies 863
Policy 4: PE Router Internal QoS (Cisco ASR 9000) 866
Policy 5: PE Router Customer-Edge QoS 866
Policy 6: PE Router Core-Edge QoS 867
Policy 7: P Router Internal QoS (Cisco CRS-3) 868
Policy 8: P Router Interface QoS 868
Summary 868
Additional Reading 868
Part VIII: IPsec QoS Design
Chapter 36 IPsec VPN QoS Considerations and Recommendations 871
IPsec VPN Topologies 871
Standard IPsec VPNs 872
Tunnel Mode 872
Transport Mode 873
IPsec with GRE 873
Remote-Access VPNs 874
QoS Classification of IPsec Packets 875
The IOS Preclassify Feature 877
MTU Considerations 880
How GRE Handles MTU Issues 881
How IPsec Handles MTU Issues 881
Using the TCP Adjust-MSS Feature 883
Compression Strategies Over VPN 885
TCP Optimization Using WAAS 885
Using Voice Codecs over a VPN Connection 886
cRTP and IPsec Incompatibilities 887
Antireplay Implications 888
Summary 891
Additional Reading 891
Chapter 37 DMVPN QoS Design 893
The Role of QoS in a DMVPN Network 895
DMVPN Building Blocks 895
How QoS Is Implemented in a DMVPN? 895
DMVPN QoS Configuration 896
Next-Hop Routing Protocol 897
The Need for a Different Approach to QoS in DMVPNs 898
The Per-Tunnel QoS for DMVPN Feature 899
DMVPN QoS Design Example 900
DMVPN QoS Design Steps 902
Configuring the Hub Router for Per-Tunnel QoS 902
Configuring the Hub Router for the Four-Class QoS Model 903
Configuring the Hub Router for the Eight-Class QoS Model 905
Configuring the Hub Router for the Twelve-Class QoS Model 907
Configuring the Spoke Routers for Per-Tunnel QoS 910
Verifying Your DMVPN QoS Configuration 913
Per-Tunnel QoS Between Spokes 917
Summary 918
Additional Reading 919
Chapter 38 GET VPN QoS Design 921
GET VPN QoS Overview 922
Group Domain of Interpretation 923
GET VPN Building Blocks 924
IP Header Preservation 926
GET VPN Configuration Review 928
Key Server Configuration 928
Group Member Configuration 929
GET VPN QoS Configuration 931
Configuring a GM with the Four-Class Model 932
Configuring a GM with the Eight-Class Model 933
Configuring a GM with the Twelve-Class Model 934
Confirming the QoS Policy 936
How and When to Use the QoS Preclassify Feature 939
A Case for Combining GET VPN and DMVPN 940
Working with Your Service Provider When Deploying GET VPN 941
Summary 941
Additional Reading 942
Chapter 39 Home Office VPN QoS Case Study 943
Building the Technical Solution 943
The QoS Application Requirements 944
The QoS Configuration 945
Headend Router Configuration 946
Home Office Router (Spoke) Configuration 948
Summary 952
Additional Reading 952
Index 953
Part XI: Appendixes (Online)
Appendix A AutoQoS for Medianet
Appendix B Control Plane Policing
Robert Barton, CCIE No. 6660, is located in Vancouver, where he lives with his wife and two children. He graduated from the University of British Columbia with a degree in engineering physics, and is a registered professional engineer. Rob holds dual CCIEs, in Routing and Switching and Security, and was also the first CCDE in Canada. Rob joined Cisco from ArrowPoint Communications, where he worked as a data center specialist supporting many of the largest corporations in Canada. In the time since ArrowPoint was acquired by Cisco, Rob has worked as a public sector systems engineer, primarily focused on wireless and security architectures. Currently, Rob is working on SmartGrid network technologies, including smart meter and intelligent substation design.
Christina Hattingh spent 13 years as a senior member of the technical staff in Unified Communications (UC) in the Enterprise Networking Routing Group (formerly Services Routing Technology Group or SRTG) at Cisco Systems. The SRTG products, including the Cisco 2900/3900 and 2800/3800 series ISR platforms and their predecessors, were the first Cisco platforms to converge voice, data, and video traffic and services on IP networks by offering TDM gateway interfaces, WAN interfaces, call control, and QoS features. The ISR series of routers often live at smaller remote offices and therefore at the edge of the WAN, where the need for QoS services is most sensitive. In this role, Christina spoke at Cisco
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