Elementary Physics of Complex Plasmas, 2008 Lecture Notes in Physics Series, Vol. 731

1 Complex Plasma — Why It Is an Unusual State of Matter?.- 1.1 General Physical Differences Between Complex Plasma and Ordinary Matter.- 1.2 General Terminology in Complex Plasma and Ordinary Matter.- 1.3 History: Complex Plasmas in Space Physics.- 1.4 Problems of Strong Coupling in Plasmas.- 1.4.1 Phase Space for Strong Coupling in Ordinary Plasmas.- 1.4.2 Physics and Consequences of Large Grain Charges.- 1.4.3 Physics and Consequences of Dust Charge Screening.- 1.4.4 Phase Space for Strong Coupling in Complex Plasmas.- 1.5 Openness of Complex Plasma Systems and Long-range Collective Interactions.- 1.5.1 Variability of Grain Charges.- 1.5.2 Openness of Complex Plasma Systems.- 1.5.3 Long-range Unscreened Grain Interactions.- 1.6 Plasma Condensation.- 1.6.1 First Observations of Plasma Condensation.- 1.6.2 Grain Interactions.- 1.7 Special Aspects of Complex Plasma Investigations.- 1.7.1 Kinetic Level for Dust Investigation in Experiments.- 1.7.2 Obstacles in Complex Plasmas.- 1.7.3 Interactions of Grain Clouds and Fast Grains with Plasma Crystals.- 1.8 Structures and Self-organization in Complex Plasmas.- 1.8.1 Observations of Structures in Complex Plasmas.- 1.8.2 Self-organization in Complex Plasmas.- 1.9 Outlook of the Subsequent Presentation.- References.- 2 Why Complex Plasmas Have Many Applications in Future Technology?.- 2.1 Main Discoveries in Applications of Complex Plasmas.- 2.2 Computer Technology.- 2.2.1 Simple Principles Used in Computer Technology.- 2.2.2 Investigation of Dust Clouds in Etching Devices.- 2.3 First Steps to Using Complex Plasma Properties in Computer Industry.- 2.3.1 New Laboratory Experiments in Complex Plasmas Inspired by Computer Technology Problems.- 2.4 New Surfaces, New Materials.- 2.4.1 New Surfaces.- 2.4.2 New Materials.- 2.4.3 New Magnetic Materials.- 2.5 New Energy Production.- 2.5.1 Necessity of New Energy Sources.- 2.5.2 Controlled Fusion Devices.- 2.5.3 Table Size Fusion and Neutron Sources.- 2.5.4 Solar Cells.- 2.6 Environmental Problems.- 2.6.1 Dust is Found Everywhere.- 2.6.2 Global Warming.- 2.6.3 Noctilucent Clouds.- 2.6.4 The Ozone Layer.- 2.6.5 Industrial Emissions and Car Exhausts.- References.- 3 Elementary Processes in Complex Plasmas.- 3.1 Screening of Grain Field in a Plasma.- 3.1.1 Elementary Estimates.- 3.1.2 Linear Debye Screening.- 3.1.3 Non-linear Screening.- 3.1.4 Problems to Solve in Grain Screening.- 3.2 Charging of Grains in Partially Ionized Plasma.- 3.2.1 Introductory Remarks.- 3.2.2 Equation for Micro-particle Charging.- 3.2.3 Orbital Motion Limited Model.- 3.2.4 Extensions of OML Approach.- 3.2.5 Role of Potential Barriers in Non-linear Screening for Grain Charging.- 3.2.6 Radial Drift Limited Model.- 3.2.7 Diffusion Limited Model.- 3.2.8 Problems for Modeling of Grain Charging.- 3.3 Forces Acting on Ions.- 3.3.1 Absorption of Ions on Grains. The Charging Coefficient.- 3.3.2 Friction of Ions in Gas of Grains. The Drag Coefficient.- 3.3.3 Other Forces Acting on Ions.- 3.4 Forces Acting on Grains.- 3.4.1 Ion Drag and Electric Field Forces.- 3.4.2 Temperature Gradients and Thermophoretic Force.- 3.4.3 Neutral Gas Drag force, Gravity force, and Dust Inertia.- 3.5 Forces Acting on Electrons: Characteristic Electric Fields.- 3.5.1 Electron Friction in Absorbing Collisions with Grains and Electron Inertia.- 3.5.2 Balance of Forces for Electrons.- 3.5.3 Electric Fields and Condition for Quasi-neutrality.- References.- 4 Collective Effects in Complex Plasmas.- 4.1 Collective Linear Modes.- 4.1.1 Dispersion Relations for Low Frequency Modes.- 4.1.2 Basic State of Complex Plasmas.- 4.1.3 Dispersion Relation for DISW.- 4.1.4 Dispersion Relation for DAW.- 4.2 Universal Instability of a Complex Plasma.- 4.2.1 Instability in the Range of DISW.- 4.2.2 Instability in the Range of DAW.- 4.2.3 Instability Stabilization in the Range of DAW.- 4.2.4 Physics of the Instability.- 4.2.5 Instability Rates.- 4.2.6 Effects of Finite Size.- 4.2.7 Electrostatic Gravitational-like Instability and Modes in Plasma Clusters.- 4.2.8 Complex Plasma Structurization.- 4.3 Collective Modes Excited by Fast Particles.- 4.3.1 Mach Cones: General Remarks and the Cone Angle.- 4.3.2 Wave Intensity and Distribution of Wavelengths.- 4.3.3 Wave Excitation by Outside Particles Moving near Boundary.- 4.4 Observations of Collective Modes.- 4.4.1 Introductory Remarks.- 4.4.2 Experimental Observations of DISW.- 4.4.3 Experimental Observations of DAW.- 4.5 Problems to be Solved for Collective Modes.- 4.5.1 Structurization Instability and the Finite System Effects.- 4.5.2 Surface Waves.- 4.5.3 Induced Processes for Collective Modes.- 4.5.4 Collective Modes in the External Magnetic Field.- 4.5.5 Instabilities in Complex Plasmas.- 4.5.6 Non-linear Responses.- 4.5.7 Strong Non-linearities and Modulational Interactions.- 4.5.8 Kinetic Description of Collective Modes.- 4.6 Fluctuations, Collective Pair Interactions, and Pair Correlation Functions.- 4.6.1 Relations between Various Fluctuations.- 4.6.2 Correlation Functions.- 4.6.3 Zero Fluctuations and Collective Pair Interactions of Grains.- 4.6.4 Dust Non-collective Charge Fluctuations.- 4.6.5 Charge Fluctuations Induced by Dust Fluctuations.- References.- 5 Micro-particle Collective and Non-collective Pair Interactions.- 5.1 General Properties of Micro-particle Pair Interactions.- 5.1.1 Grain Pair Interactions in Crystals and Clusters.- 5.1.2 Two Grains: Electrostatic Energy and Interaction Forces.- 5.1.3 Role of Openness of Complex Plasma Systems.- 5.1.4 Pair Interaction and Non-linearity in Screening.- 5.2 Shadow Non-collective Attraction Forces.- 5.2.1 Shadow Attraction Created by Ion Flux.- 5.2.2 Shadow Attraction Created by Neutral Flux.- 5.2.3 Agglomeration of Grains.- 5.2.4 Problems of Non-collective Grain Attraction.- 5.3 Collective Attraction for Linear Screening.- 5.3.1 Collective Attraction in the Limit ? ? 1.- 5.3.2 Physics of Collective Attraction.- 5.3.3 Attraction of Finite Size Grains.- 5.3.4 Natural Boundary Conditions.- 5.3.5 Limiting Expressions for Collective Attraction.- 5.3.6 Attraction in an Ion Flow for ? ? 1.- 5.3.7 Attraction in a Magnetic Field for ? ? 1.- 5.4 Collective Interactions for Non-linear Screening.- 5.4.1 Collision-dominated Case ? ? 1.- 5.4.2 Ionization Proportional to Electron Density.- 5.4.3 General Properties of Non-linear Collective Attraction.- 5.5 Measurements of Screened Potential in Grain-grain Collisions.- 5.5.1 Experimental Technique.- 5.5.2 Collision Experiments.- 5.5.3 Problems for Future Experiments.- References.- 6 Experiments on Plasma Crystals and Long-range Correlations.- 6.1 Plasma Crystals.- 6.1.1 Crystal Structures Observed.- 6.1.2 Observational Techniques.- 6.1.3 Structure of Crystals.- 6.1.4 Dislocations and Defects.- 6.2 Melting and Phase Transitions.- 6.2.1 General Description of Phase Transitions.- 6.2.2 Phenomenological Description.- 6.2.3 Translational and Orientational Order.- 6.2.4 Dust Grain Temperatures.- 6.3 Paradigms for Plasma Crystal Formation.- 6.3.1 Applicability of New Paradigms.- 6.3.2 Paradigms for Crystal Formation.- 6.3.3 Van der Waals Equations and Collective Interactions.- 6.4 Inspiration from Experiments.- References.- 7 Mono-layer Plasma Crystals and Clusters.- 7.1 Mono-layer Plasma Crystals.- 7.1.1 Specific Properties of Mono-layers.- 7.1.2 Theory of 2D Dust-lattice Waves.- 7.1.3 Experiments on 2D Dust-lattice Waves.- 7.1.4 Stimulated Plasma Crystal Sublimation.- 7.1.5 Theory of Dust Bending Waves.- 7.1.6 2D Dust Shear Waves.- 7.1.7 2D Dust-lattice Wave Mach Cones.- 7.2 2D Plasma Clusters.- 7.2.1 Introductory remarks.- 7.2.2 Experiments on Small and 2D Clusters.- 7.2.3 Observations and Ordering Rules.- 7.2.4 Theory of 2D Clusters.- 7.2.5 Boundary-free 2D Clusters.- 7.2.6 Numerical Simulations of Boundary-free Clusters.- References.- 8 Comments on Other Dust Structures: Concluding Remarks.- 8.1 Dust Helical Clusters.- 8.1.1 General Remarks.- 8.1.2 MD Simulations and Analytical Results.- 8.1.3 Problems to Solve.- 8.2 Disordered Grain Structures.- 8.2.1 Role of Plasma Fluxes.- 8.2.2 Structures in Disordered States.- 8.2.3 General Features of Disordered Structures.- 8.2.4 Dust Void Problems.- 8.2.5 Problems for Future Investigations.- 8.3 Dust Wall Sheaths.- 8.3.1 General Remarks.- 8.3.2 Collisionless Dust Wall Sheaths.- 8.3.3 Further Problems of Dust Wall Sheath Studies.- 8.4 Dust Structures between Walls.- 8.4.1 Collision-Dominated Single Flat Layer.- 8.4.2 Other Structures between Electrodes.- 8.4.3 Problems for Future Research.- 8.5 Dust Convection in Structures.- 8.5.1 General Remarks.- 8.5.2 Problems to Solve.- 8.6 Hybrid Dust Structures.- 8.7 Micro-gravity Experiments.- 8.8 Future Research: Outlook for Complex Plasmas.- 8.9 Conclusion.- References.