Contemporary Geriatric Medicine, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1988 Volume 3 Contemporary Geriatric Medicine Series, Vol. 3

This volume is the third in the Contemporary Geriatric Medicine series. As in previous volumes, information is presented in the form of easy-to­ read essays to bring the reader up to date on state-of-the-art develop­ ments in the area of geriatric medicine. Once again, a system approach is utilized. In addition, several new topics-including alcoholism, throm­ boembolic disease, and decubitus ulcer management-have been intro­ duced to enhance this volume's usefulness to the busy clinician and student. Each chapter is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all topics in the field, but rather to focus on issues currently receiving a great deal of attention. Our goal continues to be to create an exciting approach to contemporary issues in geriatric medicine. The editors are once again appreciative for having been given the opportunity to develop this series. Appreciation is also expressed to our professional colleagues, families, and administrative assistants, who have enabled this volume to reach fruition. As in the past, we thank, most of all, our elderly patients for providing the inspiration and impetus to improve our knowledge and understanding of the health care needs of the elderly. Steven R. Gambert, M.D. V alhalla, New York ix Contents Chapter 1 Geriatric Cardiology and Blood Pressure 1 Edmund H. Duthie, Jr., and Michael H. Keelan, Jr.

1 Geriatric Cardiology and Blood Pressure.- 1.1. Cardiovascular Morbidity-Mortality.- 1.2. Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology.- 1.3. Clinical Evaluation.- 1.4. Laboratory Investigations.- 1.5. Coronary Artery Disease.- 1.6. Congestive Heart Failure.- 1.7. Dissection of the Aorta.- 1.8. Valvular Heart Disease.- 1.9. Atrial Septal Defect.- 1.10. Syncope.- 1.11. Cardiovascular Pharmacology.- 1.12. Preoperative Evaluation.- 1.13. Blood Pressure and Aging.- References.- 2 The Gastrointestinal System and the Elderly.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Esophagus.- 2.3. Stomach.- 2.4. Hepatobiliary Disease.- 2.5. Acute Pancreatitis.- 2.6. Appendicitis.- 2.7. Colon.- 2.8. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.- 2.9. Cancer.- References.- 3 Rheumatologic Disorders in the Elderly.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Septic Arthritis.- 3.3. Crystal-Mediated Disorders.- 3.4. Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 3.5. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- References.- 4 Genitourinary Problems in the Elderly.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. The Normal Lower Urinary Tract.- 4.3. Incontinence.- 4.4. Evaluation of Incontinence.- 4.5. Evaluation of Specific Types of Incontinence.- 4.6. Treatment of Incontinence.- 4.7. Urinary Retention in the Elderly.- 4.8. Treatment of Urinary Retention.- References.- 5 Neuropsychiatric Problems in the Elderly.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Psychiatric Diseases.- 5.3. Drugs of Abuse.- 5.4. Organic Mental Disorders.- 5.5. Neurologic Diseases.- 5.6. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition In the Elderly Patient.- 6.1. Statement of Purpose.- 6.2. Introduction.- 6.3. Enteral Nutritional Support of the Elderly.- 6.4. Parenteral Nutritional Support of the Elderly.- 6.5. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Contemporary Issues In Geriatric Medicine.- 7.1 Decubitus Ulcers.- 7.1.1. Introduction.- 7.1.2.Etiology.- 7.1.3. Clinical Considerations.- 7.1.4. Complications.- 7.1.5. Prevention.- 7.1.6. Treatment.- 7.1.7. Overview.- References.- 7.2 Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction in the Elderly.- 7.2.1. Introduction.- 7.2.2. Coronary Artery Disease.- 7.2.3. Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction.- References.- 7.3 Alcoholism in the Elderly.- 7.3.1. Introduction.- 7.3.2. Acute Effects of Alcohol.- 7.3.3. Chronic Alcohol Use.- 7.3.4. Conclusion.- References.- 7.4 Preoperative Assessment of the High-Risk Elderly.- 7.4.1. Introduction.- 7.4.2. Assessment.- 7.4.3. Classification of Risk.- 7.4.4. Experiences from a Pre-operative Assessment Unit.- References.- 7.5 Hypercalcemia and Calcium Metabolism In the Elderly.- 7.5.1. General Considerations.- 7.5.2. Hyperparathyroidism.- 7.5.3. Hypercalcemia in Malignancy.- 7.5.4. Miscellaneous Causes of Hypercalcemia.- 7.5.5. Treatment of Hypercalcemia.- References.