Coffee: emerging health effects and disease prevention

Coffee is one of the most beloved beverages in the world, making it the second most traded commodity in the world (just behind crude oil). The conventional notion that drinking coffee might be detrimental to human health derives from studies carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. This research failed to account for cigarette smoking which, as was discovered later, confounded and masked coffee's benefits. Since then, and especially since the new millennium, research evidence for coffee's health benefits has mounted significantly. More and more large and long-term studies have demonstrated that coffee offers protection against type 2 diabetes, assorted cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

Coffee: Emerging Health Benefits and Disease Prevention is the first book to present a contemporary and comprehensive summary of the newly-understood bioactive effects of the many compounds in coffee. The breadth and depth of coverage is extensive and balanced, focusing on the following topics: coffee constituents and their bioavailability, pro- and antioxidant properties, the health benefits and disease prevention effects of coffee, and potential negative health impacts. Multiple chapters describe coffee's positive impacts on health and various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and cardiovascular and liver diseases. Coffee's positive effects on mood, suicide rate and cognitive performance are addressed, as are the negative health impacts of coffee on pregnancy, insulin sensitivity, dehydration, gastric irritation, anxiety, and withdrawal syndrome issues.

Written by many of the top researchers in the world, this volume is a must-have reference for food professionals in academia, industry, and governmental & regulatory agencies whose work involves coffee.

Preface xvii

List of Contributors xix

List of Abbreviations xxii

Acknowledgement xxv

1 Introduction 1
Thomas Hatzold

1.1 Coffee-a popular beverage 1

1.2 Coffee from a nutritional perspective 1

1.3 Potential beneficial effects of coffee 2

1.4 Limitations to the beneficial effects 3

1.5 History 5

1.6 Coffee production worldwide 5

1.7 Coffee processing: formation and fate of bioactive compounds 5

1.8 New processes to optimize the health benefits of coffee 10

1.9 Coffee preparation 12

1.10 Coffee beverages and specialties 14

1.11 Coffee consumption 14

1.12 Conclusions 16

2 Coffee Constituents 21
Adriana Farah

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Production of coffee and coffee-based beverages 22

2.3 Natural coffee constituents 26

2.4 Incidental coffee constituents 43

2.5 Concluding remarks 50

3 Bioavailability of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids 59
Angelique Stalmach

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Chlorogenic acids: contribution of coffee to dietary levels ingested 59

3.4 Conclusions 72

4 Coffee and Alzheimer's Disease: Animal and Cellular Evidence 77
Marshall G. Miller and Barbara Shukitt-Hale

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Alzheimer's disease 77

4.3 Coffee 81

4.4 Caffeine 82

4.5 Phenolics 86

4.6 Other coffee constituents 89

4.7 Conclusions 91

5 Coffee and Alzheimer's Disease-Epidemiologic Evidence 97
Joan Lindsay, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael, Edeltraut Kroger, and Danielle Laurin

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Review of epidemiologic studies of coffee in relation to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and selected aspects of cognitive functioning 98

5.3 The strength of the evidence for preventing Alzheimer's disease 106

6 Coffee and Parkinson's Disease 111
Jing-Wei Lim and Eng-King Tan

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease 111

6.3 Gene and environmental/lifestyle factors 112

6.4 Clinical evidence linking coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease 113

6.5 Neuroprotection and active components of coffee 115

6.6 Adenosine receptor antagonism and Parkinson's disease 116

6.7 Caffeine rescue of Parkinson's disease in animal models 116

6.8 Clinical trials of adenosine receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease 117

6.9 Caffeine-mediated genetic susceptibility of Parkinson's disease 118

6.10 Summary 118

7 Coffee and Liver Health 123
Pablo Muriel and Jonathan Arauz

7.1 The liver 123

7.2 Epidemiologic studies 124

7.3 Coffee, fibrosis, and cirrhosis 124

7.4 Coffee and animal models of hepatic fibrosis 126

7.5 Cytokines and liver fibrosis 127

7.6 Mechanism of coffee's protective effect 128

7.7 Adenosine A2A receptors and caffeine 132

7.8 Caffeine metabolism and drug interactions 134

7.9 Conclusions 134

8 Coffee and Type 2 Diabetes Risk 141
Nathan V. Matusheski, Siamak Bidel, and Jaakko Tuomilehto

8.1 Introduction 141

8.2 Observational associations between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes risk 142

8.3 Coffee preparation...