Clean Production, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1996 Environmental and Economic Perspectives

The world has witnessed several revolutions since the dawn of industrial revolution some two centuries ago. During the current century itself, three revolutions in the area of communication, information processing and quality have taken place and each time the standard of living of man improved beyond predictions. But during the same period, the world population has also phenomenally increased dwarfing the gains achieved from the development. Increased level of industrial activity to meet the of humanity has caused irreversible damage to the pristine environment that the demand Earth once had. Economic disparity between the haves and havenots has widened, aggravating the situation further more. Ozone layer depletion, warming up of Earth's atmosphere and the pollution created by uncontrolled industrial activity to gain economic strength are now assuming the proportion of a catastrophe that may eventually threaten the survival of life on Earth. Developed countries blame the Third World countries for the uncontrolled emissions through burning of fossil fuels and for wasting precious resources of energy by using inefficient and uneconomical technologies, while the developed countries are equally responsible for avoidable oV,er-consumption and for the wastage of resources and energy and for not sharing the improved and efficient technologies with the developing countries. Thus the wastage by both these set of countries continues unabated. After all, resources of the world are finite and are meant to be shared by all its inhabitants.

I: Sustainable Development in 21st Century.- 1. Environment, Economy and Performance: Three Pillars to Prosperity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Unique Planet — Earth.- 3 The Problems of Planet — Earth.- 4 Environmental Perspective of Development.- 5 Energy-related Problems.- 6 Disruption of Ecological Balance.- 7 Economic Perspective of Development.- 8 Performance Perspective of Development.- 9 New Pathways for Sustainable Development.- 10 Remedial Measures.- 11 Organisation of the Book.- 12 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Prosperity of Nations in the 21st Century.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Renewable Resources, Renewable Wealth.- 3 Creating Zero Waste Economies.- 4 Friendly Energy.- 5 Industries of the Future.- 6 Clean and Competitive Manufacturing.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 3. Strategic Technological Pathways for Sustainable Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sustainability and Policy Issues.- 3 The Quest for Strategic Technological Pathways.- 4 Profile of the Proposed Pathways.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- II: Cleaner Production.- 4. Basic Concepts of Cleaner Technologies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Effect of Industrial Activity on Environment.- 3 Cleaner Technologies.- 4 Users of Cleaner Technologies.- 5 Methodology.- 6 Advantages.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Formal Methods for Designing Cleaner Processes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Environmental Critical Examination.- 3 Computer-aided Design of Clean Processes.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 6. Removing Obstacles in the Implementation of Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A Conceptual Framework for the Classification of Cleaner Production.- 3 Factors Influencing the Adoption of Cleaner Production.- 4 Recommendations.- 5 Conclusions.- 7. An Integrated Approach to Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Attitudes toward Environment.- 3 From Environmental Technology to Cleaner Production.- 4 Cleaner Production within European Corporations.- 5 Towards a Cleaner Production Paradigm.- 6 Developments in Orientations of Business Management.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 8. Cleaner Production Case Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cleaner Production Demonstration Project.- 3 The Case Studies.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 9. Cleaner Production for Electroplating Industry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plating Process Sequence.- 3 Sources and Characteristics of Electroplating Waste.- 4 Environmental Impacts.- 5 Material Substitution.- 6 Electroplating Wastes Treatment.- 7 Waste Minimization.- 8 Rinse Water Recycling.- 9 Wastewater Reclamation.- 10 A Case Study.- 11 Conclusion.- References.- 10. UNIDO Technical Assistance for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Importance of Cleaner Production.- 3 The Role of UNIDO.- 4 UNIDO Activities.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- III: Environmental Perspective.- 11. Environmental Impact Statement.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Scope of EIS.- 3 Preparation of EIS.- 4 An Outline of a Good EIS.- 5 Interdisciplinary Teamwork.- 6 Future Development.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 12. Environmental Disclosure and the U. S. Securities Laws.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Regulatory Framework.- 3 Accounting for Contingent Liabilities.- 4 Review of Sample SEC Filings.- 5 The Reform Agenda at the SEC.- 6 SEC Plan for Implementation.- 7 Alternative Courses of Action.- 8 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 13. Environmental Technology and Industrial Development in India.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Environmental Perspective of Economic Sectors.- 3 Sustainable Development.- 4 Agenda for Sustainable Development.- 5 Structural Economic Change.- 6 Role of Environmental Impact & Risk Asssessment and Environmental Audit.- 7 Priority Areas of Environmental Action.- 8 Conclusion.- 9 Acknowledgement.- References.- 14. Future Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Municipal Waste Management.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Current Situation.- 3 Waste Composition.- 4 Anaerobic Digestion.- 5 The AD Technology.- 6 Technical and Economic Considerations.- 7 Conclusion.- References.- 15. Biotechnology Applications in an Environmental Perspective.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Living Nature: Energy, Universal Biomolecules and Exchange of Information.- 3 What is Biotechnology ?.- 4 Biotechnology and Energy: Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy.- 5 Biotechnology and Agriculture: New Possibilities and New Risks ?.- 6 Biotechnology and Industry: About New Products and Processes.- 7 Biotechnology and the Environment: From Clean-up to Preventive Technology.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- 16. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment: A Basis for Sustainable Product Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Life Cycle Assessment.- 3 Goal Definition and Scoping.- 4 Inventory Analysis.- 5 Impact Assessment.- 6 Improvement Assessment.- 7 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments.- 8 Application of LCA.- 9 Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 17. The Product Life Cycle Analysis Revisited.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Total Product LCAs and Project EIAs.- 3 Discussion.- 4 Suggetions for Further Investigation.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 18. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Current Issues.- 3 Life-cycle Assessment.- 4 Economic Analysis.- 5 Case Studies.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- IV: Economic Perspective.- 19. Basic Economic Concepts of Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Problems of Future Development.- 3 Weaknesses of the Traditional Economic Analysis.- 4 Introducing a New Production Function.- 5 Thermodynamic Interpretation of Economic Process.- 6 Reconciliating Economy and Ecology.- 7 Distinction between Waste and Deterioration of Environment.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- 20. Ecological Economics and Environmental Policies: A European View.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Neoclassical and Ecological Views of the Economy.- 3 Indicators, Limits and Instruments.- 4 Internalization of Externalities in Neoclassical Environmental Economics.- 5 Can There be Environmentally-correct Prices ?.- 6 Sustainable Development versus Ecological Economy.- 7 International Implecations of Sustainability.- 8 Bottom-up Policies versus Top-down Intsruments.- 9 New European Agricultural Policy.- 10 Conclusions.- References.- 21. Resource Scarcity as a Stimulus for Advantageous Innovations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 New Resource Utilization Criteria and Innovation.- 3 Reconciling Enterprises and Benefits to Society.- 4 Case Studies.- 5 Knowledge and Substitution as Strategic Factors.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 22. Coupling Strategies and Modelling of Integrated Biomass Refining Concept.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Coupling Scenarios for the Valorization of Fibro-energetic Crops.- 3 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Biomass Refining of Wheat Crop.- 4 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Biomass Refining of Sugarcane Crop.- 5 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Refining Sweet Sorghum Crop.- 6 Results and Discussion.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 23. Raw Material Management as a First Step Towards Sustainability.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sustainability and Industrial Production.- 3 Material Management in Production Processes.- 4 Economic Considerations in Material Management.- 5 Case Studies.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 24. Waste Minimisation/Elimination: A Key to Successful Business.- 1 Introduction.- 2 3P — Program.- 3 3P — Methodology.- 4 Case Studies.- 5 Gains from Various Innovations.- 6 Resource Recovery and Recycling.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 25. High Performance Sewage Treatment for Reduced Infrastructure Costs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Trade-offs Between Physio-chemical Lamella Separators and Aerated Biofiltration.- 3 Aerated Biofilters: Ten Years Old and Full of Future.- 4 Minimising Nuisances by Covering Compact Sewage Treatment Plants.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 26. The Energy Audit.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Energy Efficiency.- 3 What is the purpose of Energy Use?.- 4 General Energy Management.- 5 The Energy Audit.- 6 Boiler Efficiency.- 7 Improving Energy Efficiency.- 8 The Use of Electricity.- 9 Waste Recovery Options.- 10 Transportation.- 11 Energy Management.- 12 Discharge Management.- 13 Conclusions.- References.- 27. Energy from Municipal Solid Waste: An Economic Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Energy from Waste Material.- 3 Economical Alternatives.- 4 Making MSW a Viable Source of Energy.- 5 Proceeding with an MSW-Energy Project.- 6 Implementation.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 28. Industrial Plant Process Flow/Energy Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Industrial Process Classification.- 3 Methodology for an Industrial Plant Process Flow/Energy Analysis.- 4 Case Study : Fluid Milk Process (SIC 2026).- 5 Conclusion.- References.- 29. Energy Models and Cost Models for Water Pollution Control.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical Models of Water Pollution Control Technologies.- 3 Verification, Documentation and Application of Energy and Cost Models.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- V: Performance Perspective.- 30. Performance Perspective for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Quality.- 3 Reliability.- 4 Maintenance.- 5 From Failures to Plant Accidents.- 6 Risk.- 7 Risk Analysis.- 8 Environmental Risk.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- 31. Evaluating Engineering to Ensure a Sustainable Environment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Decision-making.- 3 The Mechanics of Trading Risks and Balancing Costs.- 4 Data Presentation and Uncertainty.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 32. Reducing Risk by Controlling the Environment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical Ecotoxicity.- 3 Control Theory.- 4 The Transfer Function.- 5 Networks and Ecosystems.- 6 Feedback loops and the Environment.- 7 Optimizing Environmental Quality.- 8 Applications.- 9 General Control Equations Expressing Toxicity as a Function of Chemical Structure.- 10 Computer Simulation, Modeling and Control of Environmental quality.- 11 Conclusions.- References.- VI: Future Strategies.- 33. Molecular Manufacturing: A Future Technology for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Implications of Nanotechnology.- 3 From Nanotechnology to Molecular Manufacturing.- 4 Molecular Engineering: An Approach to Molecular Manipulation.- 5 Possible Applications.- 6 Current Status of R&D.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 34. Education and Manpower Development in Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Need for Changes in Knowledge and Attitudes.- 3 Training for Cleaner Production in Companies.- 4 Training of Public Authorities in Fostering Cleaner Production in Companies.- 5 University Education for Cleaner Production.- 6 Cleaner Production in Engineering Curricula.- 7 Cleaner Production in Business, Management and Social Science Curricula.- 8 How to Develop Cleaner Production Activities at Universities.- 9 Conclusion.- References.- About the Editor.- About the Contributors.