Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage Principles and Practical Applications

Discovering sensitive and specific biomarkers for systemic oxidative damage is essential to understand the role of oxidative stress in human disease. Once these roles are clearly understood, we are able to identify novel drug and nutraceutical targets. This volume goes beyond conventional analytical methods of measuring overall antioxidant activity and provides insight to the discovery of biomarkers that reveal information on specific areas of oxidative stress. Contributed by an international list of experts, Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage: Principles and Practical Applications describes both conventional biomarkers and recent developments in this area.

Special Features:

• Discusses conventional biomarkers as well as recent advances for measuring antioxidants and oxidative stress
• Biomarkers for lipid peroxidation: isoprostane, hydroxyloctadecaenoic acid, oxysterols, and reactive carbonyl species from lipid peroxidation
• Biomarkers for protein oxidation: carbonylation, tyrosine oxidation, ubiquitin-conjugation
• Biomarkers for DNA oxidative damage: comet assay, hydroxylated nucleotides, and exocylcic DNA adducts
• Recently developed biomarkers from cutting-edge technology

Preface vii

Contributors ix

1. Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress: An Overview 3
Kyung-Jin Yeum, Robert M. Russell, and Giancarlo Aldini

2. Enzymatic Antioxidant Defenses 21
Sayuri Miyamoto, Hirofumi Arai, and Junji Terao

3. Antioxidants as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 35
Ikuyo Ichi and Shosuke Kojo

4. LDL Oxidation as a Biomarker of Antioxidant Status 51
Mohsen Meydani, EunHee Kong, and Ashley Knight

5. The Isoprostanes: Accurate Markers and Potent Mediators of Oxidant Injury in Vivo 65
Joshua D. Brooks, Brian E. Cox, Klarissa D. Hardy, Stephanie C. Sanchez, Sonia Tourino, Tyler H. Koestner, Jocelyn R. Hyman-Howard, and Ginger L. Milne

6. Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid (HODE) as a Marker of Linoleic Acid Oxidation 85
Yasukazu Yoshida and Etsuo Niki

7. Oxysterols: Potential Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 99
Luigi Iuliano and Ulf Diczfalusy

8. Lipid Peroxidation Originating α, β-unsaturated Aldehydes and Their Metabolites as Biomarkers 117
Françoise Guéraud

9. Oxidative Modifi cation of Proteins: An Overview 137
Paul J. Thornalley and Naila Rabbani

10. Immunochemical Detection of Lipid Peroxidation-specific Epitopes 157
Koji Uchida

11. Mass Spectrometric Strategies for Identification and Characterization of Carbonylated Peptides and Proteins 173
Marina Carini and Marica Orioli

12. Nitrotyrosine: Quantitative Analysis, Mapping in Proteins, and Biological Significance 199
José M. Souza, Silvina Bartesaghi, Gonzalo Peluffo, and Rafael Radi

13. Ubiquitin Conjugates: A Sensitive Marker of Oxidative Stress 219
Fu Shang and Allen Taylor

14. Covalent Modifications of Albumin Cys34 as a Biomarker of Mild Oxidative Stress 229
Giancarlo Aldini, Kyung-Jin Yeum, and Giulio Vistoli

15. Protein S-glutathionylation and S-cysteinylation 243
Graziano Colombo, Aldo Milzani, Roberto Colombo, and Isabella Dalle-Donne

16. DNA Oxidation, Antioxidant Effects, and DNA Repair Measured with the Comet Assay 261
Mária Dušinská and Andrew R. Collins

17. Hydroxylated Nucleotides: Measurement and Utility as Biomarkers for DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Efficacy 283
Phyllis E. Bowen

18. Exocyclic DNA Adducts as Biomarkers of Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Stress 319
Roger W.L. Godschalk

Index 333

Sciences "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Kyung-Jin Yeum, Ph.D., Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.

Etsuo Niki, Ph.D., , Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Osaka, Japan.

Robert M. Russell, M.D., Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892-7517, USA