Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology Advanced Material Series

The expansion of carbon materials is multidisciplinary and is related to physics, chemistry, biology, applied sciences and engineering. The research on carbon materials has mostly focused on aspects of fundamental physics as they unique electrical, thermal and mechanical properties applicable for the range of applications. The electrons in graphene and other derived carbon materials behave as dirac fermions due to their interaction with the ions of the lattice. This direction has led to the discovery of new phenomena such as Klein tunneling in carbon based solid state systems and the so-called half-integer quantum Hall effect.

Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology presents cutting-edge chapters on the processing, properties and technological developments of graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon particles and other carbon based structures including multifunctional graphene sheets, graphene quantum dots, bulky balls, carbon balls, and their polymer composites.

This book brings together respected international scholars writing on the innovative methodologies and strategies adopted in carbon materials research area including

• Synthesis, characterization and functionalization of carbon nanotubes and graphene
• Surface modification of graphene
• Carbon based nanostructured materials
• Graphene and carbon nanotube based electrochemical (bio)sensors for environmental monitoring
• Carbon catalysts for hydrogen storage materials
• Optical carbon nanoobjects
• Graphene and carbon nanotube based biosensors
• Carbon doped cryogel films
• Bioimpact of carbon nanomaterials
• Photocatalytic nature of carbon nanotube based composites
• Engineering behavior of ash fills
• Fly ash syntactic foams microstructure

Preface xiii

Part 1 Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 1

1 Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: A Glimpse of Their Application 3
Mahe Talat and O.N. Srivastava

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 5

1.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 11

1.4 Methods Used in Our Lab: CVD, Thermal Exfoliation, Arc Discharge and Chemical Reduction 14

1.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 19

1.6 Applications 24

1.7 Conclusion 29

Acknowledgements 29

References 30

2 Surface Modification of Graphene 35
Tapas Kuila, Priyabrata Banerjee and Naresh Chandra Murmu

2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 Surface-Modified Graphene from GO 39

2.3 Application of Surface-Modified Graphene 70

2.4 Conclusions and Future Directions of Research 75

Acknowledgement 77

References 77

3 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 87
G. Alarcon-Angeles, G.A. Álvarez-Romero and A. Merkoçi

3.1 Introduction 88

3.2 Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors 97

3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 121

References 121

4 Catalytic Application of Carbon-based Nanostructured Materials on Hydrogen Sorption Behavior of Light Metal Hydrides 129
Rohit R Shahi and O.N. Srivastava

4.1 Introduction 130

4.2 Different Carbon Allotropes 133

4.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Catalyst for Different Storage Materials 135

4.4 Key Results with MgH2, NaAlH4 and Li-Mg-N-H Systems 137

4.5 Summary 164

Acknowledgements 165

References 165

5 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications 173
Mohan Raja and J. Subha

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Carbon Nanotubes Structure 174

5.3 Carbon Nanotube Physical Properties 176

5.4 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Processing 177

5.5 Carbon Nanotube Surface Modification 178

5.6 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 179

5.7 Conclusion 187

References 187

6 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanomaterials 193
A. Djordjevic, R. Injac, D. Jovic, J. Mrdjanovic and M. Seke

6.1 Biologically Active Fullerene Derivatives 194

6.2 Biologically Active Graphene Materials 219

6.3 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanotubes 230

6.4 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 238

6.5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials 247

References 251

Part 2 Composite Materials 273

7 Advanced Optical Materials Modified with Carbon Nano-Objects 275
Natalia V. Kamanina

7.1 Introduction 275

7.2 Photorefractive Features of the Organic Materials with Carbon Nanoparticles 279

7.3 Homeotropic Alignment of the Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Carbon Nanotubes 297

7.4 Thin Film Polarization Elements and Their Nanostructurization via CNTs 303

7.5 Spectral and Mechanical Properties of the Inorganic Materials via CNTs Application 307

7.6 Conclusion 310

Acknowledgments 311

References 312

8 Covalent and Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 317
Tawfi k A. Saleh and Vinod K. Gupta

8.1 Introduction 317

8.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 318

8.3 Covalent Functionalization 318

8.4 Non-Covalent Functionalization 320

8.5 Functionalization of CNT with Nanoparticles 320

8.6 Conclusion 326

Acknowledgment 327

References 327

9 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 331
Praveennath G. Koppad, Vikas Kumar Singh, C.S. Ramesh, Ravikiran G. Koppad and K.T. Kashyap

9.1 Introduction 332

9.2 Carbon Nanotubes 333

9.3 Processing and Microstructural Characterization of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 338

9.4 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 353

9.5 Strengthening Mechanisms 361

9.6 Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 363

9.7 Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 366

9.8 Challenges 368

9.9 Concluding Remarks 371

References 371

Part 3 Fly Ash Engineering and Cryogels 377

10 Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams: Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties 379
Dung D. Luong, Nikhil Gupta and Pradeep K. Rohatgi

10.1 Introduction 380

10.2 Hollow Particles 382

10.3 Synthesis Methods 388

10.4 Microstructure of Aluminum/Fly Ash Composites 393

10.5 Properties of Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams 398

10.6 Applications 409

10.7 Conclusion 411

Acknowledgments 412

References 412

11 Engineering Behavior of Ash Fills 419
Ashutosh Trivedi

11.1 Background 420

11.2 Engineering Evaluation of Cemented Ash Fill 439

11.3 Problems of Uncemented Ash Fill 446

11.4 Ash as a Structural Fill 453

11.5 Conclusions 470

Salutations, Acknowledgement and Disclaimer 470

References 471

12 Carbon-Doped Cryogel Thin Films Derived from Resorcinol Formaldehyde 475
Z. Markoviæ, D. Kleut, B. Babiæ, I. Holclajtner-Antunoviæ , V. Pavlovicæ and B. Todoroviæ-Markoviæ

12.1 Introduction 476

12.2 Experimental Procedure 476

12.3 Results and Discussion 477

12.4 Conclusion 483

Acknowledgements 484

References 484

Index 487

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

S. K. Shukla is currently an Assistant Professor in the Polymer Science Department, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, India. He earned his MSc and PhD degrees in chemistry from the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, India. He has published more than fifty papers and is the author of seven book chapters. He is the recipient of the International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Award for his contribution in the area of electronic carbon materials and technology.