Plant Nutrition - Physiology and Applications, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1990 Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences Series, Vol. 41

Exactly 35 years after the first Colloquium was held, the Eleventh International Plant Nutrition Colloquium took place from 30 July to 4 August 1989 in Wageningen, The Netherlands. Although impressive progress has been made during the past decades in our understanding of the mechanisms of uptake, distribution and assimilation of nutrients in relation to crop yield and quality, there are still significant gaps in our insight into many fundamental aspects of plant mineral nutrition and related metabolic processes. In spite of improved knowledge of nutrient requirements of crops and improved fertilizer application strategies, the world population remains to be burdened with an enormous shortage of plant products for food, timber, fuel, shelter, and other purposes. The main challenge facing the plant nutrition research community is to at least alleviate the increasing world-wide need for applying scientific knowledge to practical problems in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. It is therefore felt by many scientists that the Plant Nutrition Colloquia, which are intended to bring together scientists and to integrate knowledge and approaches acquired in plant physiology, biochemis­ try, soil science, agronomy and related disciplines, have indeed made a significant contribution to the advancement of our knowledge and understanding in this vital and interdisciplinary field of agrobiology. About 260 scientists from 40 nations attended the Colloquium in Wageningen.

Eleventh International Plant Nutrition Colloquium.- International Council on Plant Nutrition.- Preface.- A: Uptake, assimilation, and distribution of macronutrients: Mechanisms and concepts.- The soil to plant-transfer of nutrients: Combining plant and soil characteristics.- Simulation of nutrient uptake by a growing root system considering increasing root density and inter-root competition.- Nitrate accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum) in relation to growth and tissue N concentrations.- Effect of varied shoot/root ratio on growth of maize (Zea mays) under nitrogenlimited conditions: Growth experiment and model calculations.- Influence of nitrate placement on morphology and physiology of maize (Zea mays) root systems.- Influence of nitrogen form and concentration on growth and ionic balance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum).- Growth responses of Plantago to ammonium nutrition with and without pH control: Comparison of plants precultivated on nitrate or ammonium.- Rhizosphere pH along different root zones of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), as affected by source of nitrogen.- Effects of variation in nitrogen nutrition on growth of poplar (Populus trichocarpa) clones.- Adaptation of growth rate of Populus euramericana to light and nitrate proceeds via the vascular system.- Optimal nutrition in two forest stands exposed to acid atmospheric deposition.- Steady state nutrition by transpiration controlled nutrient supply.- A culture system for steady state nutrition in optimum and suboptimum treatments.- Interaction between nitrate assimilation in shoots and nitrate uptake by roots of soybean (Glycine max) plants: Role of carboxylate.- Diurnal changes of nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity in different organs of Atriplex hortensis (C3 plant) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4 plant).- Nitrate assimilation and nitrate content in different organs of ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior).- The effect of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).- Transport of glutamine into the xylem of sunflower (Helianthus annuus).- Influence of fusicoccin and xylem wall adsorption on cation transport into maturing wheat (Triticum aestivum) ears.- Effect on phloem interruption on leaf senescence and nutrient redistribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum).- Efficiency of Azospirillum inocula in peat formulations: Maize (Zea mays) root colonization and effects on initial plant growth.- Cellular organization of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrogen assimilation in leguminous plants.- Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max).- Using a mechanistic model to evaluate the effect of soil pH on phosphorus uptake.- Phosphorus diffusion to barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots as influenced by moisture and phosphorus content of soils.- Effects of Glomus fasciculatum and isolated rhizosphere microorganisms on growth and phosphate uptake of Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma.- Soluble carbohydrates in roots of leek (Allium porrum) plants in relation to phosphorus supply and VA mycorrhizas.- Benefit and cost analysis and phosphorus efficiency of VA mycorrhizal fungi colonizations with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes grown at varied phosphorus levels.- Phosphorus absorption by chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as affected by VA mycorrhiza and carboxylic acids in root exudates.- Origin of organic acids exuded by roots of phosphorus stressed rape (Brassica napus) plants.- Grain development in wheat (Triticum aestivum) ears cultured in media with different concentrations of phosphorus and sucrose.- Nodule activity and nodule phosphorus in white clover (Trifolium repens) in the presence of mineral nitrogen.- Properties of ecto Ca-ATPase isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots.- B: Micronutrients and toxic elements in plant and crop nutrition.- Responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to iron stress measured using a computer-controlled continuous-flow hydroponic system.- Responses of pepper (Capsium annum) plants to iron deficiency: Solution pH and riboflavin.- Iron requirement of cereals and legumes in solution culture.- A transport mutant of pea (Pisum sativum) for the study of iron absorption in higher plant roots.- The significance of the magnesium to manganese ratio in plant tissues for growth and alleviation of manganese toxicity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants.- Effects of rhizosphere processes on the solubilization of manganese as revealed with radioisotope techniques.- Effect of manganese supply on development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots.- Growth enhancement by silicon in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants depends on imbalance in phosphorus and zinc supply.- The effect of zinc and magnesium application on ear density, grain development and grain yield of winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) crops on some Irish soils.- Control of zinc deficiency in apple orchards in southern Brazil.- Zinc deficiency and pollen fertility in maize (Zea mays).- Micronutrients foliar intake by different crop plants, as affected by accompanying urea.- Internal boron requirements of green gram (Vigna radiata).- Effects of seed and soil boron on early seedling growth of black and green gram (Vigna mungo and K radiata).- The effects of short-term deficiency of boron on potassium, calcium, and magnesium distribution in leaves and roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants.- Effect of excess grain boron concentrations on early seedling development and growth of several wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes with different susceptibilities to boron toxicity.- Genetic differences in the copper efficiency of cereals.- Effect of arsenic and molybdenum on plant response of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) grown in sand culture.- Correlation between extract able chromium, chromium uptake and productivity of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown on tannery sludgeamended soil.- Plant uptake of cadmium as affected by variation in sorption parameters.- Interactive effects of cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc on root growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in solution culture.- Long-term effects of fertilization and diffuse deposition of heavy metals on soil and crop quality.- C: Plant responses to acidity, salinity and other stress factors in the root environment.- Effects of low activities of aluminium on soybean (Glycine max). I. Early growth and nodulation.- Effects of low activities of aluminium on soybean (Glycine max). II. Root cell structure and root hair development.- Role of root cell walls in iron deficiency of soybean (Glycine max) and aluminium toxicity of wheat (Triticum aestivum).- Mechanical impedance increases aluminium tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) roots.- Aluminium toxicity tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings.- Aluminium tolerance of the velvet beans Mucuna pruriens var. utilis and Mucuna deeringiana. I. Effects of aluminium on growth and mineral composition.- Effects of aluminium on tap-root elongation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiata) grown in the presence of organic acids.- Organic acids related to differential aluminium tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars.- Mineral element concentrations and grain yield of sorghum (,Sorghum bicolor) and pearl (Pennisetum glaucum) grown on acid soil.- Effects of aluminium on growth, nutrient uptake, proton efflux and phosphorus assimilation of aluminium-tolerant and -sensitive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes.- Similarities and differences between aluminium toxicity and phosphorus deficiency in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plants.- Calcium protection against aluminium toxicity.- Temperature and magnesium effects on aluminium toxicity in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum).- Bioassay technique to assess acid soil constraints for growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots.- Level of acid soil field stress for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) tolerance development: Comparison among locations.- Sequential growth stage adjustment to acid soil stress in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).- Exchangeable aluminium and root growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as criteria of lime requirement in acid soils of northeast Portugal.- Effect of low pH of the root medium on proton release, growth, and nutrient uptake of field beans (Vicia faba).- Nitrogen fixation of lucerne (Medicago sativa) in an acid soil: The use of rhizotrons as a model system to simulate field conditions.- Role of plant aerenchyma in wet tolerance of and methane emission from plants.- Growth and chemical composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars on saline substrate as compared with a salt tolerant variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum).- Effect of salinity on calcium transport in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).- Effect of salinity on the distribution of calcium in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit and leaves.- Sodium, chloride and potassium allocation in an annual sweetclover (Melilotus segetalis) from the Guadalquivir salt marsh in southwest Spain.- The effect of magnesium sulphate and calcium sulphate on yield and nutrient composition of flax (Linum usitatissimum) grown on chernozemic soils.- Gas exchange of Fiscus carica in response to salinity.- Ionic balance and osmotic status in carrot (Daucus carota) cell suspensions grown under sodium chloride, osmotic and water stress.- D: Fertilizer application in relation to yield formation and quality characteristics.- Response of grass swards to fertilizer nitrogen under cutting and grazing.- Response of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) to an unequal distribution of nutrients in the root environment.- Effect of increasing nutrient concentration on growth and nitrogen uptake of container-grown peach and olive.- Nutrient uptake, production and quality of Rosa hybrida in rockwool as affected by electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution.- Synchronisation of supply and demand is necessary to increase efficiency of nutrient use in soilless horticulture.- Cultivation of cut flowers with ammonium as nitrogen source.- Conceptual evaluation of intensive production systems for tomatoes.- The effects of continuity of early nitrogen nutrition on growth and development of Lactuca sativa.- Influence of nitrogen nutrition on powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) infection and metabolism of cucumber (Cucumis sativus).- Fertilizer nitrogen budgets of 15N-labelled sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) tops and Na15NO3 dressings split-applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in microplots on a loam soil.- Nitrate reductase activity, grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by nitrogen fertilization under semi-arid conditions.- Effects of nitrogen and herbicide on grain yield and protein content of a tall and a semi-dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar in semi-arid conditions.- Seed characters in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in relation to nitrogen nutrition.- Effect of nitrogen on thiocyanate content of Brassica oleracea var. acephala leaves.- Influence of nitrogen fertilization on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) quality in an area of southern Spain.- Effect of preceding crops and nitrogen application on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) yield and nutrient uptake, and on soil nitrogen.- Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of two sorghum (.Sorghum bicolor) cultivars in an acid soil of Venezuela.- Genotypic diversity in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies.- Nitrogen and potassium dynamics, rooting intensity, and infection with VA mycorrhiza in a haplic podzol at intensive and organic farming.- Nutritional stress of maize (Zea mays) growing on a gleysol of east Croatia.- Studies on potassium-magnesium interaction in coconut (Cocos nucifera).- Fruit calcium, quality and disorders of apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus communis) influenced by fertilizers.- Energy flow in an apple plant-aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) ecosystem, with respect to nitrogen fertilization. I. Life table analyses.- Influence of potassium on concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, and magnesium and the osmotic potential in sap extracted from wheat (Triticum aestivum) ears during preanthesis development.- Source: sink relationships in potato (Solanum tuberosum) as influenced by potassium chloride or potassium sulphate nutrition.- Starch synthesis in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers: Activity of selected enzymes in dependence of potassium content in storage tissue.- The nutrient requirements of Ornithogalum and Lachenalia, two indigenous South African flowering bulbs.- Growth and mineral composition of grape-vine rootstock cultered in vitro with different levels of ammonium nitrate.- Phosphorus uptake characteristics of a world collection white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars.- The effects of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on physiological parameters, yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna sinensis).- Bowen, Effect of successive cutting on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Leucaena leucocephala using 15N dilution and the difference methods.- Inorganic N x Bradyrhizobium strain interaction on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varietal performance in the field, using the 15N isotope dilution technique.- E: Methods and techniques aiming at optimization of crop nutrition and growth.- Prospects for improvement of nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for cereals: A simulation study.- Weather, nitrogen-supply and growth rate of field vegetables.- Modelling the response of crops to fertilizers.- Modelling potassium uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops.- Simulation of fertilizer influence on yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers by nonlinear optimization method.- Determination of fruiting capacity of apple trees (Malus domestica) by DRIS.- Criteria for fertilization of vining peas in Portugal.- Problems of potassium nutrition in citrus (Citrus sinensis) orchards in Egypt.- Some criteria for the assessment of genetic specificity for nitrogen concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum).- Yield and nitrogen concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by split nitrogen application and growth stage.- The influence of available nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile on the nitrate contents of blanching celery.- Control of nitrogen supply of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) grown in soilless culture.- A double-pot technique as a tool in plant nutrition studies.- In situ nitrate reductase activity in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) as an indicator of nitrogen availability.- Tissue test of rice plant (Oryza sativa) nitrogen using near infrared reflectance.- Pattern of nitrate assimilation and grain nitrogen yield in field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum).- Inorganic leaf phosphorus as an indicator of phosphorus nutrition in cereals.- Potassium deficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is associated with changes in protein profiles: An approach to diagnosis of mineral status.- Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by plant analysis.- The diagnosis of manganese deficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare).- Iron(II) determination in leaves of strawberry (Fragaria vesca).- An expert system for diagnosing Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea) disorders in the UK.- Author index.- Proceedings previous Plant Nutrition Colloquia.