Extended Biocontrol, 1st ed. 2022

This book presents an exhaustive overview of the theoretical foundations and practical applications of biocontrol in agriculture. It encompasses all kinds of nature-based approaches for crop protection: introduction and conservation of natural enemies, release of sterile insects, enhancement of plant defenses, use of microorganisms, biopesticides, and semiochemicals. Cutting-edge knowledge in population biology, microbial ecology, epidemiology and chemical ecology is presented in accessible terms. The potential of field application is discussed with regard to practical aspects but also socioeconomic constraints. The 62 authors are researchers from a large panel of disciplines, from theoretical biology to social sciences.   

Foreword
Introduction; Editor Christian Lannou
Crops Need to be Protected – But Differently
Extended Biocontrol: A Fresh Look at an Age-Old Approach
The Biocontrol Arsenal
Challenges to be Tackled
Combining Extended Biocontrol with other Plant-Health Management Methods

PART I – Biological Control: Theoretical Foundations and Applications; Editor Xavier Fauvergue

Chapter 1 Integrative Systematics and Adaptations of Natural Enemies to Their Hosts; Nicolas Ris, Éric Pierre and Jean-Claude Streito
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Remarks on the Diversity of Macroorganisms for Biological Control
1.3 The Underlying Challenges of Identifying Beneficial Macroorganisms
1.4 A Deeper Look at Three Cross-cutting Eco-Evolutionary Themes
1.5 Conclusion

Chapter 2 The Biology of Introduced Populations; Xavier Fauvergue
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ideas that Inspire
2.3 The Laws of Small Numbers
2.4 Lost Benefits at Small Numbers: The Allee Effect
2.5 Lower Genetic Diversity in Small Populations
2.6 Conclusion
 
Chapter 3 Classical Biological Control; Nicolas Borowiec and René F. H. Sforza
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definitions, History and Evolution
3.3 Foreign Exploration
3.4 Importing Exotic Material and Performing Laboratory Evaluations
3.5 Environmental Release of Biological Control Agents
3.6 Conclusion

Chapter 4 Augmentative Biological Control Using Entomophagus Arthropods; Alexandre Bout, Nicolas Ris, Cécilia Multeau and Ludovic Mailleret
4.1 Background and Definitions
4.2 Current Challenges
4.3 Ways to Improve Augmentative Biological Control
5.4 Conclusion

Chapter 5 Sterile Insect Technique: Principles, Deployment and Prospects; Clelia Oliva, Laurence Mouton, Hervé Colinet, Alan Debelle, Patricia Gibert and Simon Fellous
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Technical Basics
5.3 Conditions of Application
5.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of SIT
5.5 Future Research Avenue
5.6 Environmental and Sociological Implications
5.7 Insects and Society
5.8 Conclusion

Part II Stimulating Natural Pest Control in Agricultural Landscapes: Theoretical and Operation Insights into Conservation Biological Control; Editor Adrien Rusch

Chapter 6 Community Ecology, Food Webs and Natural Pest Control; Lucile Muneret, Elsa Canard and Adrien Rusch
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of interactions within communities
6.3 Correlations between the horizontal diversity of natural enemy communities and natural pest control
6.4 The effect of vertical diversity of communities on natural pest control
6.5 Metacommunities and landscape ecology
6.6 Conclusion

Chapter 7 Agroecological management of insect pests from field to landscape; Adrien Rusch
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principles of conservation biological control
7.3 Effects of farming practices at field level
7.4 Biological pest control at the landscape scale
7.5 Conclusion

Chapter 8 Biological control for weed management; Sandrine Petit and Stéphane Cordeau
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Weed control using sown plants
8.3 Control by seed-eating organisms
8.4 Conclusion

Part III Microorganisms and biological control; Editor Matthieu Barret

Chapter 9 Plant microbiota: diversity, transmission and function; Matthieu Barret, Marc Buée, Christophe Mougel and Corinne Vacher
Introduction
Microbial diversity according to habitats
Microbiota assembly and transmission processes
Impact of the plant microbiota on host fitness
Leveraging the microbiota to improve plant growth and health

Chapter 10 Agroecological protection to support plant health: where the microbiota fits in; Claudia Bartoli, Jean-Noël Aubertot, Isabelle Litrico and Christophe Mougel
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Agricultural production and pest management
10.3 New levers to explore: plant-microbiota interactions and their role in agricultural ecosystems
10.4 Connecting microbiota and agroecological practices

Chapter 11 Microorganisms as biocontrol products; Marc Bardin and Philippe Nicot
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biological control: an array of microorganisms described
11.3 Commercial products
11.4 Mode of action of microbial biocontrol agents
11.5 Factors affecting the efficacy of microbial biocontrol agents
11.6 Conclusion

Chapter 12 The role of microbial metabolites in biological control; Valérie Leclère, Christophe Clément, Stéphan Dorey and Claire Prigent-Combaret
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rhamnolipids: multi-faceted compounds
12.3 Lipopeptides: structural and activity biodiversity
12.4 Polyketides synthesized by biological control agents of the genus Pseudomonas
12.5 Conclusion

Part IV Botanical biopesticides; Editor Marc Bardin

Chapter 13 Botanical pesticides as biocontrol products; Myriam Siegwart and Anne-Violette Lavoir
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Botanical biopesticides and organic agriculture
13.3 Description of botanical biopesticides currently used as biocontrol products in France
13.4 Conclusion

Chapter 14 Challenges in developing botanical biopesticides for pest control; Anne-Violette Lavoir, Thomas Michel, Jean-Luc Poëssel and Myriam Siegwart
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applied research process for compounds based on plant-pest interactions
14.3 Technical obstacles to overcome
14.4 Side effects to be considered
14.5 Are botanical biopesticides safe for humans?

Part V Semiochemicals and pest control: Editor Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly

Chapter 15 Semiochemicals and communication in insects; Nicolas Montagné, Jérémy Gévar and Philippe Lucas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Semiochemicals regulate many insect behaviours
15.2 An extraordinary diversity of semiochemicals
15.3 Methods for identifying chemical signals and analysing their perception
15.4 Conclusion

Chapter 16 Anatomy and functioning of the insect chemosensory system; Philippe Lucas, Nicolas Montagné and Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Neurophysiological organization of chemosensory systems
16.3 Neural coding of chemical signals
16.4 Chemosensory plasticity
16.5 Conclusion

Chapter 17 Semiochemicals and insect control; Sylvia Anton and Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Different uses of semiochemicals for insect control
17.3 Future prospects
17.4 Conclusion

Part VI Conditions for successful biocontrol and its large-scale deployment; Editor Thibault Malausa

Chapter 18 The challenge of biocontrol deployment; Cédric Bertrand, Thibaut Malausa and Philippe Nicot
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Field-scale biocontrol deployment: success factors
18.3 Area-wide deployment of biocontrol
18.4 Diffusing innovation across the value chain

Chapter 19 Biocontrol in France: prospects for structuring a developing sector; Manuel Boutet and Aura Parmentier Cajaiba
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Talking about biocontrol: an analysis based on scientific, media and institutional discourse
19.3 The role of biocontrol in agricultural processing
19.4 Can biocontrol be reduced to a product format?
19.5 Regulation: an unsuitable obstacle for biocontrol players, uncertainty for civil society
19.6 Biocontrol and placement on the market: moving towards pluralist business models
19.7 Conclusion

Chapter 20 Integrating biocontrol into cropping system design; Muriel Valantin-Morison, Françoise Lasserre-Joulin, Vincent Martinet, Helmut Meiss, Antoine Messéan, Jean-Marc Meynard, Foteini Paschalidou, Benjamin Perrin and Abdelhak Rouabah
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Systemic agriculture concepts and methods
20.3 The importance of the systemic nature of biocontrol solutions: some examples
20.4 New issues, new methods and new regulations
20.5 Conclusion

Chapter 21 New technologies for the deployment of extended biocontrol; Julia Buitink, Jean-Paul Douzals, Édouard Duliège, Frédéric Lebeau and Muriel Marchi
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Seeds: a target of treatment and a biocontrol application vector
21.3 The challenge of formulating biocontrol substances and organisms
21.4 Agricultural equipment, robotics and digital technology to optimize biocontrol
21.5 Conclusion

Part VII Is biological control a sustainable crop protection method?; Editor Christian Lannou and Thibaut Malausa

Chapter 22 Health and biodiversity risks linked to a major bioinsecticide: Bacillus thuringiensis
Mathilde Bonis and Armel Gallet
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Bt biopesticides
22.3 Possible links to health risks associated with Bt products
22.4 Possible sources of Bt contamination
22.5 Persistence of Bt in the environment and the digestive tract
22.6 The environmental impacts of Bt
22.7 Conclusion

Chapter 23 Can pests develop resistance to biocontrol products?; Marc Bardin and Myriam Siegwart
23.1 Many biocontrol agents on the market, variable efficacy in the field
23.2 Pest adaptation to plant protection methods
23.3 Proven cases of pest resistance to biocontrol agents
23.4 Risk of crop pests and diseases developing resistance to biocontrol agents
23.5 Conclusion

List of acronyms
Glossary
Bibliographical references
List of authors

Christian Lannou is an epidemiologist and head of the Plant Health and Environment division of INRAE.
Xavier Fauvergue is a senior researcher focusing on the biology of introduced populations.
Adrien Rusch is an ecologist and develops projects on the agroecological protection of grapevine.
Matthieu Barret is a researcher and studies the functional role of the plant microbiota.
Marc Bardin is an epidemiologist and works on the use of microbial antagonisms for the development of biocontrol.
Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly is a senior researcher and studies the functioning and evolution of olfactory receptors in insects.
Thibaut Malausa is a senior researcher, specialized in population biology and biological control.