PREFACE PRINICIPLES OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS 1. ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, AND HEALTH CARE ETHICS Theories of Ethics Key issues Applied Ethics The Professions and Professional Ethics The Health Care Professions Summary 2. PRINCIPLES OF AUTONOMY AND INFORMED CONSENT General Formulation Patient Autonomy: Informed Consent Paternalism: Weak and Strong The Consent of Children, Adolescents, and Incompetent Patients Exceptions in Emergencies The Right to Refuse Treatment Problems Areas Summary Cases for Analysis 3. PRINCIPLES OF BENEFICENCE AND NONMALEFICENCE Introduction Specifications of Beneficence Specifications of Nonmaleficence The Patient's Obligation The Health Care Provider's Obligation The Surrogate's Obligation Summary Cases for Analysis 4. THE ETHICS OF DISTRIBUTION Introduction A Definition of Health and Disease Theories and Their Limits Microallocation: Individual and Institutional Rationing Summary Cases for Analysis 5. PRINCIPLES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND TRUTHFULNESS Introduction Truthfulness Confidentiality Summary Cases for Analysis PROBLEMS OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS 6. PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS Introduction Judging Quality The Obligation to Police Institutional Ethics Ethics Committees Competition and Institutional Ethics Summary Cases for Analysis 7. ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF DEATH AND DYING Introduction Ethics of the Patient Health Care Providers and the Ethics of the Death of a Patient Physician Initiatives Cooperation with Active Suicide and Euthanasia Surrogates and the Termination of Treatment Summary Cases for Analysis 8. ABORTION AND MATERNAL-FETAL CONFLICT Introduction Does the Fetus Have Rights: U.S. Law The Definition and Types of Abortion The Moral Status of the Fetus The Autonomy of the Pregnant Woman The Ethics of Abortion as a Social Phenomenon Abortion and the Health Care Provider Maternal_Fetal Conflict Summary Cases for Analysis 9. NEW METHODS OF REPRODUCTION Introduction Artificial Insemination and the General Problem of Assisted Reproduction In Vitro Fertilization Surrogate Mothers The Charge of Artificiality The Ethics of the Health Care Provider A Question of Distributive Justice Summary Cases for Analysis 10. THE ETHICS OF TRANSPLANTS Introduction The Ethics of Organ Donation The Ethics of the Recipient The Ethics of the Health Care Team The Health Care Provider's Ethics of Distribution The Society's Ethics of Distribution Summary Cases for Analysis 11. THE ETHICS OF TESTING AND SCREENING Introduction Testing Ethical Problems of Mass Screening Summary Cases for Analysis 12. THE ETHICS OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Introduction The Ethics of the Researcher The Ethics of the User of Research Results Fetal Research Genetic Therapy Cloning Summary Cases for Analysis REFERENCES INDEX | 
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