Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine (4^th Ed.) Sex and Gender-Specific Biology in the Postgenomic Era

Awarded with the 2018 Prose Award in Clinical Medicine, the third edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine explored and described exciting new areas in biomedicine that integrated technology into the treatment of disease and the augmentation of human function. Novel topics such as the sex-specific aspects of space medicine, the development and the use of genderized robots and a discussion of cyborgs were included in the third edition, providing a preview of the expanding world of sex-specific physiology and therapeutics. This Fourth Edition is a continuation of the mission to trace the relevance of biological sex to normal function and to the experience of disease in humans.

We are now twenty years into the postgenomic era. The investigation of how the genome produces the phenome has led to fascinating insights as well as yet unanswered questions. Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine, Fourth Edition, has a central theme: discuss advances in understanding the role of epigenetics in regulating gene expression in a dynamic, sex-specific way during human life. It explores the protean role of epigenetics in human physiology, the relevance of environmental experience to human function, the therapeutic promise of cutting-edge methodologies like gene manipulation, the preparation of humans for space travel, the use of artificial intelligence in detection and therapeutic decisions concerning disease states, the possibilities for technological support of not only compromised individuals but of the augmentation of human function, and an analysis of the benefits, limitations and issues that surround our current expectations of personalized medicine.

Dedication
Marianne J. Legato
Foreword
Marek Glezerman
Preface
Marianne J. Legato
Section A
1. Is there a role for Natural Selection in Sex Differences?
Adriana Maggi
2. Battle of the Sexes: How the Selection of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract Manipulates the Sex Ratio of Offspring
Alireza Fazeli, William Vincent Holt, Suranga Kodithuwakku, Kasun Godakumara and Lisa M. Thurston
3. Gender/sex: Shaping identity in infancy and early childhood
Anne Sterling and Jihyun Sung
4. A gendered brain perspective from structure to brain network interactions
Carme Uribe, Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza and Antonio Guillamon
5. Third Edition: Sex-specific implications of adverse intrauterine environment. Writing with Antonia Hufnagel.
Catherine Aiken and Antonia Hufnagel
6. Sex-Specific Brain Transcriptome of the Mouse
Diethard Tautz and Maryam Keshavarz
7. Using the exposome to understand the role of the environment in gender- and sex-specific medicine
Gary W. Miller, Faith Anderson, Meghan Bucher, Yunjia Lai and Jocelyn Dicent
8. Regulation of Gene Expression in the Brain by Sex Hormones
Jessica Tollkuhn and Simón(e) Sun
9. Sex-specific disparities in mitochondrial function and its role in health and disease
Keshav K. Singh and Suresh Mishra
10. Sex Differences  in Fetal Programming
Marek Glezerman
11. Sex Differences in the Brain: Focus on Developmental Mechanisms
Margaret M. McCarthy
12. Genes, Environments and Epigenetic Modifications
Marla B. Sokolowski, Sydney Gram and Dustin J. Sokolowski
13. Epigenetics: Mechanisms, Theory and Social Implications
Maurizio Meloni
14. Adipose-derived Stem Cells
Satoshi Sobajima, Yoshitomo Saita, Hideki Iwaguro, Ryosuke Kuroda and Masanori Tsubosaka
15. Role of Sex Chromosomes in Human Disease
Neil Bradbury
16. Best-laid plans: The establishment of biological sex, and its susceptibility to disruption
Peter Koopman
17. CRISPR Technology and Its Role in Treating Rare Imprinting Diseases
Radislav Sedlácek, Petr Nickl and Linn Amanda Syding
18. Perinatal Genome and Brain Functions: The Case of Genomic Imprinting
Valter Tucci, Angelo Serani and Alice Melloni
19. Microbiome: Impact of Gender on Function & Characteristics of Gut Microbiome
Veena Taneja
Section B
20. Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases
Ana Lleo
21. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Epilepsy
Samba Reddy
22. Consideration of biological sex in stem cell therapies
Dan Gazit, Gadi Pelled, Zulma Gazit and Zoe Krut
23. Sex and Human Brain Structure and Function: Moving Beyond the Binary
Daphna Joel
24. Genomic and Epigenomic Signature at the branch-point among Genome, Phenome and Sexome in health and disease: A Multi-Omics approach
Donato Gemmati and Veronica Tisato
25. The Importance of Gender-Specific Medicine in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Clinical Practice, and Global Health Care
Ibis Sanchez-Serrano
26. The neurobiology of gender identity and gender dysphoria
ivanka SAVIC
27. Biological Sex in the times of Precision Nutrition
Jose M. Ordovas and D Corella
28. The invaluable contribution of animal models in understanding sex-dependent differences in neuropsychiatric disorders
Liana Fattore
29. Sexual Dimorphism in Molecular Biology of Cancer
Mehmet Tevfik Dorak
30. The Importance of Expeditionary Fitness in Optimizing the  Human Commercial Spaceflight Experience
Michael A. Schmidt
31. Brain morphological changes associated with sexual orientation
Mikhail Votinov and Andrei A. Puiu
32. Current options for the measurement and operationalization of sex and gender
Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
33. Precision Medicine::  Overview and Challenges to Clinical Implementation
Susanne Haga
Section C
34. Assessment of fall risks in older females and males using an automated smartphone mobility suite
Emil Jovanov
35. Impact of Statin Therapy on Sex Hormones
Amirhossein Sahebkar, Željko Reiner, Hossein Chiti, Negin Parsamanesh and Tannaz Jamialahmadi
36. The Role of Gender in Exercise Physiology and Metabolism
Andreas M. Fritzen, Anne-Marie Lundsgaard and Bente Kiens
37. Cerebral effects of gender affirming hormone treatments in transgender persons
Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza, Antonio Guillamon and Carme Uribe
38. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Arthur Argenson and Virginia Devi-Chou
39. Trauma and Gender in Primary Care
Dorte Mølgaard Christiansen
40. Fertility Treatment and Preservation in Transgender Men and Women
Dov Feldberg
41. Sexual dimorphism of the pathophysiology and treatment of atrial fibrillation
Elaine Y. Wan, Ellie Coromilas, Stephanie Kochav and Jessica Hennessey
42. Reductionistic and Holistic Research Approaches: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall
43. Sex and Gender Differences in Sleep Disorders: An Overview
Fidaa Shaib and Hrayr Attarian
44. Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart
Jin Kyung Kim
45. Beyond Sex and Gender Differences: The Case for Women’s Health Research
Liisa Galea
46. Dimorphic or bimodal? Measurement and Meaning of Sex/Gender from Bench to Bedside
Reubs J. Walsh
47. Person Centred Cancer Genetic Counselling for Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients
Josephine Giblin
48. Musculoskeletal Complaints in Male and Female Instrumental Musicians
Rob G.H.H Nelissen and Laura Madelinde Kok
49. Sex, Gender, and Pain
Roger Fillingim
50. Urothelial Cancer: Bladder and Upper Tract
S. F. Shariat, Reza Sari Motlagh, Fajkovic Harun and Manuela Schmidinger
51. Beyond the mask: the role of camouflaging in managing an autistic identity for girls and women
Jan Burns and Siobhan Tierney
52. Vulnerable Males and Strong Females: Gender Differences in Susceptibilty to Stress Factors during Prenatal Development from the Viewpoint of Life History Theory
Sylvia Kirchengast
53. Robots and Gender
Tatsuya Nomura
54. Sex Specificity in Neonatal Outcomes
Vineet Bhandari and Vishwanath Bhat
55. Human Male and Female Phenotypes Depend on Lifestyles (Smoking and Hormonal Contraceptives): Implications for Prevention and Care
Ilaria Campesi and Flavia Franconi

Dr. Marianne Legato, Emerita Professor of Clinical Medicine at Columbia University, is an internationally known academic physician, author, lecturer, and specialist in gender-specific medicine. She is founding member of the International Society for Gender Medicine and the founder and director of The Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine at Columbia University and its next iteration, The Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine. She has published extensively on gender and sex specific medicine, both for the scientific community and for the lay public. She is also the founding editor of the Journal Gender Medicine, and the journal Gender and the Genome. In 1992, Dr. Legato won the American Heart Association’s Blakeslee Award for the best book written for the lay public on cardiovascular disease. The third edition of her textbook, Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine and her most recent book, The Plasticity of Sex., both won Prose awards from the American Association of Editors in 2021 and 2022 respectively. She is a practicing internist in New York City and has been listed each year in New York Magazine and Castle Connolly’s lists "Best Doctors" since their inception in 1993.