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Essential Soil Physics An introduction to soil processes, functions, structure and mechanics

Langue : Anglais

Auteurs :

Couverture de l’ouvrage Essential Soil Physics
Soils are the porous skin of the Earth with variable and complex structures composed of solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Being in close contact with the atmosphere, biosphere hydrosphere, and lithosphere, soils fulfill numerous functions as a filter, buffer, habitat for organisms and resource for raw materials and food rendering them as the basis for life on our Planet. Soils are subject to continuous transformations and their dynamic nature is important for the interaction of biological, biogeochemical and physical processes. But at the same time they are vulnerable and affected by human activity and often subject to degradation.

This textbook (based on the 4th, German language edition) introduces the reader gently but comprehensively to soil physical processes. The authors discuss both the origin and dynamics of soil physical properties and functions - volume-mass relations of the solid, water and gas phases, grain and pore size distributions, permeability and storage capacity for water, gases and heat - and finally soil deformation and strength in relation to mechanical and hydraulic stresses resulting in structural changes through compaction, kneading, slaking and soil crusting. Unlike other soil physics textbooks, soil mechanical properties are herein described in great detail, because otherwise it is impossible to understand and adequately quantify soil stability and the effects of soil deformation on soil physical functions.

The book treats the physics of water, gas and heat movement in soils and interactions with the solid phase at various scales and other factors in detail - because these are considered the ultimate basis of any model of soil behavior.

Threats to soils worldwide ultimately endanger food security for a growing world population. Because of this, the effects of soil use and degradation on transport processes, soil stability and pore functions are discussed, and options for soil protection, conservation, and amelioration are addressed.

The authors close a gap between general soil science texts and very specialized treatments of foundation engineering by integrating the concepts of soil mechanics to achieve a comprehensive description of soil physical behavior. Traditional soil physics topics, such as soil – water – plant relations, soil hydrology and gas, heat and field water cycles are complemented by soil rheology, physicochemical and amelioration sciences. Well-known and recent advances in analytical approaches and methods are well explained to be of use to persons interested in improving plant growth and optimizing crop yield.
Preface
Introduction
Soils: integral part of our environment
Soil characteristics

1 - Grain size distribution: texture
1.1 Classification
1.2 Common soil textures and their origin
1.3 Spatial distribution of textures
1.4 Modification of grain size distributions in soils
1.5 Grain size distribution and other soil properties
1.6 Methods to measure grain size distributions
Problems Chapter 1

2 - Soil structure and structural functions
2.1 Soil structure and internal morphology
2.2 Bulk density, particle density
2.3 Pore volume and void ratio
2.4 Pore size distributions
Problems Chapter 2

3 - Mechanical and hydraulic forces in soils
3.1 Stability and the spatial arrangement of grains
3.2 Soil strength: the balance of forces
3.3 Stress strain relationship and time-dependent settlement
3.4 Stress-, strain-, and deformation processes in three-dimensional space.
3.5 Flow behavior of soils: stresses between individual soil particles
3.6 Influence of soil properties on shear resistance
3.7 Mechanical changes of soil structure
Problems Chapter 3

4 - Interactions between water and soil
4.1 Adsorption of water in soils
4.2 Flocculation and peptization of soil particles
4.3 Shrinkage of soils
4.4 Swelling of soils
4.5 Cracking up: crack formation in soils
4.6 Water as a factor of soil stability
4.7 Wetting properties of soils
4.8 Electrical flow potentials in soils
4.9 Aggregate shapes and functions
4.10 Effects of aggregate size, - shape and -age
Problems Chapter 4

5 - Distribution and hydrostatics of soil water
5.1 Distribution and origin of water in soils
5.2 Forces in soil water
5.3 The groundwater surface as reference plane
5.4 Soil water potential
5.5 Equilibrium water potential
5.6 Relationship between matric potential and water content
Problems Chapter 5

6 - Movement of water within the soil
6.1 Water movement in water saturated soil
6.2 Water movement in unsaturated soil
6.3 Transient flow
6.4 Hydraulic conductivity as a soil property
6.5 Vapor transport
6.6 Infiltration
6.7 Drainage
6.8 Evaporation
Problems Chapter 6

7 -The gas-phase of soils
7.1 The energetic state of the gas phase of soils
7.2 Composition of the gas phase in soils
7.3 Transport processes in the gas phase of soils
Problems Chapter 7

8 - Thermal behaviour of soils
8.1 Thermal properties of soils
8.2 Modeling thermal conductivity
8.3 Techniques for measuring thermal properties
8.4 Phase transitions of H2O and their effects
Problems Chapter 8

9 - Combined water-, heat and gas budget of soils
9.1 The atmosphere–soil interface
9.2 Dynamics and temporal variations of the soil water budget
9.3 Heat budget
9.4 Gas budget of soils
Problems Chapter 9

10 - Plant habitats and their physical modification
10.1 Plant requirements in terms of water supply
10.2 Interaction of mechanical and hydraulic processes
10.3 Modification of the hydraulic stress state
10.4 Modification of the mechanical stress state
Problems Chapter 10

11 - Soil erosion
11.1 Soil erosion: general principles
11.2 Approaches to preventing erosion
11.3 Erosion models
Problems Chapter 11

12 - Solute transport and filter processes in soils
12.1 Solute transport: basics
12.2 Filtering processes in soils
Problems Chapter 12

13 - Future Perspectives of Soil Physics
Solutions to the problems of chapters 1–12

14 - References

Appendix

15 - Commonly used units and conversion factors
Meaning of abbreviations
Basic conversions: density and pore volume
Transport
Derivation of the heat-budget equation
Energy Budget at the soil surface
Tensors
Conversion of units
Keyword Index

This book is valuable for researchers, upper-level undergraduate students, and graduate students of agronomy, soil science, horticulture, geo-sciences, environmental science, landscape architects and everybody interested in understanding the intricate physical processes which control and modify soil functions.

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